IEC 62232:2022
(Main)Determination of RF field strength, power density and SAR in the vicinity of base stations for the purpose of evaluating human exposure
Determination of RF field strength, power density and SAR in the vicinity of base stations for the purpose of evaluating human exposure
IEC 62232:2022 addresses the evaluation of RF field strength, power density and specific absorption rate (SAR) levels in the vicinity of base stations (BS), also called products or equipment under test (EUT), intentionally radiating in the radio frequency (RF) range 110 MHz to 300 GHz in accordance with the scope, see Clause 1. It does not address the evaluation of current density.
RF exposure evaluation methods to be used for product compliance, product installation compliance and in-situ RF exposure assessments are specified in this document. Exposure limits are not specified in this document. The entity conducting RF exposure assessments refers to the set of exposure limits applicable where exposure takes place. Examples of applicable exposure limits considered in this document are provided in the Bibliography, for example ICNIRP-2020 [1], ICNIRP-1998 [2], IEEE Std C95.1™-2019 [3] and Safety Code 6 [4].
Détermination de l'intensité du champ de radiofréquences, de la densité de puissance et du DAS à proximité des stations de base dans le but d'évaluer l'exposition humaine
IEC 62232:2022 traite de l’évaluation de l’intensité du champ RF, de la densité de puissance et des niveaux de débit d’absorption spécifique (DAS) à proximité des stations de base (BS), également appelées produits ou équipements sous test (EUT), rayonnant intentionnellement dans la gamme des radiofréquences (RF) de 110 MHz à 300 GHz conformément au domaine d’application, voir Article 1. Il ne traite pas de l’évaluation de la densité actuelle.
Les méthodes d’évaluation de l’exposition aux RF à utiliser pour la conformité du produit, la conformité de l’installation du produit et les évaluations in situ de l’exposition aux RF sont spécifiées dans le présent document. Les limites d’exposition ne sont pas spécifiées dans le présent document. L’entité qui effectue les évaluations de l’exposition aux RF fait référence à l’ensemble des limites d’exposition applicables là où l’exposition a lieu. Des exemples de limites d’exposition applicables examinées dans le présent document sont fournis dans la bibliographie, par exemple ICNIRP-2020 [1], ICNIRP-1998 [2], IEEE Std C95.1-2019™ [3] et Safety Code 6 [4].
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IEC 62232
®
Edition 3.0 2022-10
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
colour
inside
Determination of RF field strength, power density and SAR in the vicinity of base
stations for the purpose of evaluating human exposure
IEC 62232:2022-10(en)
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
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International Standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies.
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---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
IEC 62232
®
Edition 3.0 2022-10
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
colour
inside
Determination of RF field strength, power density and SAR in the vicinity of
base stations for the purpose of evaluating human exposure
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
ICS 13.280; 17.240 ISBN 978-2-8322-5778-4
Warning! Make sure that you obtained this publication from an authorized distributor.
® Registered trademark of the International Electrotechnical Commission
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
– 2 – IEC 62232:2022 © IEC 2022
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 16
INTRODUCTION . 18
1 Scope . 19
2 Normative references . 20
3 Terms and definitions . 21
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 36
4.1 Physical quantities . 36
4.2 Constants . 36
4.3 Abbreviated terms . 36
5 How to use this document . 39
5.1 Quick start guide . 39
5.2 RF evaluation purpose categories . 42
5.3 Implementation case studies . 42
6 Evaluation processes for product compliance, product installation compliance and
in-situ RF exposure assessments . 42
6.1 Evaluation process for product compliance . 42
6.1.1 General . 42
6.1.2 Establishing compliance boundaries . 42
6.1.3 Iso-surface compliance boundary definition . 43
6.1.4 Simple compliance boundaries . 43
6.1.5 Methods for establishing the compliance boundary . 45
6.1.6 Uncertainty . 49
6.1.7 Reporting for product compliance . 49
6.2 Evaluation process used for product installation compliance . 50
6.2.1 General . 50
6.2.2 General evaluation procedure for product installations . 50
6.2.3 Product installation compliance based on the actual maximum
transmitted power or EIRP . 52
6.2.4 Product installation data collection . 55
6.2.5 Simplified product installation evaluation process . 56
6.2.6 Assessment area selection . 59
6.2.7 Measurements . 60
6.2.8 Computations . 62
6.2.9 Uncertainty . 62
6.2.10 Reporting for product installation compliance . 63
6.3 In-situ RF exposure evaluation or assessment process . 64
6.3.1 General . 64
6.3.2 In-situ measurement process . 64
6.3.3 Site analysis . 65
6.3.4 Case A evaluation . 66
6.3.5 Case B evaluation . 66
6.3.6 Uncertainty . 67
6.3.7 Reporting . 67
6.4 Averaging procedures . 67
6.4.1 Spatial averaging . 67
6.4.2 Time averaging . 68
7 Determining the evaluation method . 68
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IEC 62232:2022 © IEC 2022 – 3 –
7.1 Overview. 68
7.2 Process to determine the evaluation method . 68
7.2.1 General . 68
7.2.2 Establishing the evaluation points in relation to the source-environment
plane . 69
7.2.3 Exposure metric selection . 70
8 Evaluation methods . 71
8.1 General . 71
8.2 Measurement methods . 72
8.2.1 General . 72
8.2.2 RF field strength and power density measurements . 72
8.2.3 SAR measurements . 73
8.3 Computation methods . 74
8.4 Methods for assessment based on actual maximum approach . 76
8.4.1 General requirements . 76
8.4.2 Actual transmitted power or EIRP monitoring . 76
8.4.3 Actual transmitted power or EIRP control . 77
8.5 Methods for the assessment of RF exposure to multiple sources . 78
8.6 Methods for establishing the BS transmitted power or EIRP . 79
9 Uncertainty . 80
10 Reporting. 80
10.1 General requirements . 80
10.2 Report format . 81
10.3 Opinions and interpretations . 82
Annex A (informative) Source-environment plane and guidance on the evaluation
method selection . 83
A.1 Guidance on the source-environment plane . 83
A.1.1 General . 83
A.1.2 Source-environment plane example . 83
A.1.3 Source regions . 84
A.2 Select between computation or measurement approaches . 90
A.3 Select measurement method . 91
A.3.1 Selection stages . 91
A.3.2 Selecting between RF field strength, power density and SAR
measurement approaches . 91
A.3.3 Selecting between broadband and frequency selective measurement . 92
A.3.4 Selecting RF field strength measurement procedures . 93
A.4 Select computation method . 93
A.5 Additional considerations . 95
A.5.1 Simplicity . 95
A.5.2 Evaluation method ranking . 95
A.5.3 Applying multiple methods for RF exposure evaluation . 95
Annex B (normative) Evaluation methods . 96
B.1 Overview. 96
B.2 General . 96
B.2.1 Coordinate systems and reference points . 96
B.2.2 Variables . 97
B.3 RF exposure evaluation principles . 98
B.3.1 Simple calculation of RF field strength and power density . 98
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
– 4 – IEC 62232:2022 © IEC 2022
B.3.2 Measurement of RF field strength and power density . 102
B.3.3 Spatial averaging . 104
B.3.4 Time averaging . 107
B.3.5 Comparing measured and computed values . 109
B.3.6 Personal RF monitors . 109
B.4 RF field strength and power density measurements . 109
B.4.1 Applicability of RF field strength and power density measurements . 109
B.4.2 In-situ RF exposure measurements . 109
B.4.3 Laboratory based RF field strength and power density measurements . 121
B.4.4 RF field strength and power density measurement uncertainty . 131
B.5 SAR measurements . 136
B.5.1 Overview of SAR measurements . 136
B.5.2 SAR measurement requirements . 136
B.5.3 SAR measurement description . 138
B.5.4 SAR measurement uncertainty. 143
B.6 Basic computation methods . 146
B.6.1 General . 146
B.6.2 Basic computation formulas for RF field strength or power density
evaluation . 146
B.6.3 Basic whole-body SAR and peak spatial-average SAR evaluation
formulas . 153
B.6.4 Basic compliance boundary assessment method for BS using parabolic
dish antennas . 160
B.6.5 Basic compliance boundary assessment method for intentionally
radiating cables . 163
B.7 Advanced computation methods. 164
B.7.1 General . 164
B.7.2 Synthetic model and ray tracing algorithms . 164
B.7.3 Full wave RF exposure computation . 171
B.7.4 Full wave SAR computation . 180
B.8 Extrapolation from the evaluated values to the maximum or actual values . 185
B.8.1 Extrapolation method . 185
B.8.2 Extrapolation to maximum in-situ RF field strength or power density
using broadband measurements . 187
B.8.3 Extrapolation to maximum in-situ RF field strength / power density using
frequency or code selective measurements . 187
B.8.4 Influence of traffic in real operating network . 188
B.8.5 Extrapolation for massive MIMO and beamforming BS . 189
B.8.6 Maximum exposure extrapolation with dynamic spectrum sharing (DSS) . 191
B.9 Guidance for implementing the actual maximum approach . 192
B.9.1 BS actual EIRP evaluation assumptions . 192
B.9.2 Technology duty-cycle factor description . 193
B.9.3 CDF evaluation using modelling studies . 195
B.9.4 CDF evaluation using measurement studies on operational BS sites . 196
B.9.5 Actual transmitted power or EIRP monitoring counters . 198
B.9.6 Configurations with multiple transmitters . 198
B.10 Transmitted power or EIRP evaluation . 200
B.10.1 General . 200
B.10.2 Measurement of the transmitted power in conducted mode . 200
B.10.3 Measurement of the transmitted power in OTA conditions . 201
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IEC 62232:2022 © IEC 2022 – 5 –
B.10.4 Measurement of the EIRP in OTA and laboratory conditions . 201
B.10.5 Measurement of the EIRP in OTA and in-situ conditions . 202
Annex C (informative) Guidelines for the validation of power or EIRP control features
and monitoring counter(s) related to the actual maximum approach . 203
C.1 Overview. 203
C.2 Guidelines for validating control feature(s) and monitoring counters . 203
C.3 Validation of power or EIRP monitoring counter in laboratory conditions . 204
C.3.1 Validation of power or EIRP monitoring counter in conducted mode –
test procedure . 204
C.3.2 Validation of power or EIRP monitoring counter in OTA mode – test
procedure . 206
C.3.3 Validation of control feature(s) in laboratory conditions . 209
C.3.4 Validation of control features using in-situ measurements . 212
C.4 Validation test report . 214
C.5 Case studies . 215
C.5.1 Case study A – In-situ validation . 215
C.5.2 Case study B – In-situ validation . 219
C.5.3 Case study C – In-situ validation . 222
Annex D (informative) Rationale supporting simplified product installation criteria. 227
D.1 General . 227
D.2 Class E2 . 227
D.3 Class E10 . 228
D.4 Class E100 . 229
D.5 Class E+ . 231
D.6 Simplified formulas for millimetre-wave antennas using massive MIMO or
beam steering . 232
Annex E (informative) Technology-specific exposure evaluation guidance . 234
E.1 Overview to guidance on specific technologies . 234
E.2 Summary of technology-specific information . 234
E.3 Guidance on spectrum analyser settings . 235
E.3.1 Overview of spectrum analyser settings . 235
E.3.2 Detection algorithms . 236
E.3.3 Resolution bandwidth and channel power processing . 236
E.3.4 Integration per service . 239
E.4 Stable transmitted power signals . 239
E.4.1 TDMA/FDMA technology . 239
E.4.2 WCDMA/UMTS technology . 240
E.4.3 OFDM technology . 241
E.5 WCDMA measurement and calibration using a code domain analyser . 241
E.5.1 WCDMA measurements – General. 241
E.5.2 WCDMA decoder characteristics . 241
E.5.3 Calibration . 242
E.6 Wi-Fi measurements . 244
E.6.1 General . 244
E.6.2 Integration time for reproducible measurements . 245
E.6.3 Channel occupation . 245
E.6.4 Some considerations . 246
E.6.5 Measurement configuration and steps. 246
E.6.6 Influence of the application layers . 247
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– 6 – IEC 62232:2022 © IEC 2022
E.6.7 Power control . 247
E.7 LTE measurements . 248
E.7.1 Overview . 248
E.7.2 LTE transmission modes . 248
E.7.3 LTE-FDD frame structure . 249
E.7.4 LTE-TDD frame structure . 250
E.7.5 Maximum LTE exposure evaluation . 252
E.7.6 Instantaneous LTE exposure evaluation . 257
E.7.7 MIMO multiplexing of LTE BS . 258
E.8 NR BS measurements . 258
E.8.1 General . 258
E.8.2 Maximum NR exposure evaluation . 258
E.9 Establishing compliance boundaries using numerical simulations of MIMO
array antennas emitting correlated waveforms . 268
E.9.1 General . 268
E.9.2 Field combining near base stations for correlated exposure with the
purpose of establishing compliance boundaries . 268
E.9.3 Numerical simulations of MIMO array antennas with densely packed
columns . 269
E.9.4 Numerical simulations of large MIMO array antennas . 270
E.10 Massive MIMO antennas . 270
E.10.1 Overview . 270
E.10.2 Deterministic conservative approach . 270
E.10.3 Statistical conservative approach. 270
E.10.4 Example approaches . 271
Annex F (informative) Guidelines for the assessment of BS compliance with ICNIRP-
2020 brief exposure limits . 288
F.1 General . 288
F.2 Brief exposure limits . 288
F.3 Implications of brief exposure limits on signal modulation and TDD duty
cycle . 290
F.4 Implications of brief exposure limits on the actual maximum approach . 290
Annex G (informative) Uncertainty . 294
G.1 Background. 294
G.2 Requirement to estimate uncertainty . 294
G.3 How to estimate uncertainty . 295
G.4 Guidance on uncertainty and assessment schemes . 295
G.4.1 General . 295
G.4.2 Overview of assessment schemes . 295
G.4.3 Examples of assessment schemes . 296
G.4.4 Assessment schemes and compliance probabilities . 299
G.5 Guidance on uncertainty . 301
G.5.1 Overview . 301
G.5.2 Measurement unc
...
IEC 62232
®
Edition 3.0 2022-10
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
colour
inside
Determination of RF field strength, power density and SAR in the vicinity of base
stations for the purpose of evaluating human exposure
Détermination de l'intensité du champ de radiofréquences, de la densité de
puissance et du DAS à proximité des stations de base dans le but d'évaluer
l'exposition humaine
IEC 62232:2022-10(en-fr)
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
THIS PUBLICATION IS COPYRIGHT PROTECTED
Copyright © 2022 IEC, Geneva, Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from
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About the IEC
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is the leading global organization that prepares and publishes
International Standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies.
About IEC publications
The technical content of IEC publications is kept under constant review by the IEC. Please make sure that you have the
latest edition, a corrigendum or an amendment might have been published.
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---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
IEC 62232
®
Edition 3.0 2022-10
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
colour
inside
Determination of RF field strength, power density and SAR in the vicinity of
base stations for the purpose of evaluating human exposure
Détermination de l'intensité du champ de radiofréquences, de la densité de
puissance et du DAS à proximité des stations de base dans le but d'évaluer
l'exposition humaine
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
INTERNATIONALE
ICS 13.280; 17.240 ISBN 978-2-8322-6444-7
Warning! Make sure that you obtained this publication from an authorized distributor.
Attention! Veuillez vous assurer que vous avez obtenu cette publication via un distributeur agréé.
® Registered trademark of the International Electrotechnical Commission
Marque déposée de la Commission Electrotechnique Internationale
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
– 2 – IEC 62232:2022 © IEC 2022
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 16
INTRODUCTION . 18
1 Scope . 19
2 Normative references . 20
3 Terms and definitions . 21
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 36
4.1 Physical quantities . 36
4.2 Constants . 36
4.3 Abbreviated terms . 36
5 How to use this document . 39
5.1 Quick start guide . 39
5.2 RF evaluation purpose categories . 42
5.3 Implementation case studies . 42
6 Evaluation processes for product compliance, product installation compliance and
in-situ RF exposure assessments . 42
6.1 Evaluation process for product compliance . 42
6.1.1 General . 42
6.1.2 Establishing compliance boundaries . 42
6.1.3 Iso-surface compliance boundary definition . 43
6.1.4 Simple compliance boundaries . 43
6.1.5 Methods for establishing the compliance boundary . 45
6.1.6 Uncertainty . 49
6.1.7 Reporting for product compliance . 49
6.2 Evaluation process used for product installation compliance . 50
6.2.1 General . 50
6.2.2 General evaluation procedure for product installations . 50
6.2.3 Product installation compliance based on the actual maximum
transmitted power or EIRP . 52
6.2.4 Product installation data collection . 55
6.2.5 Simplified product installation evaluation process . 56
6.2.6 Assessment area selection . 59
6.2.7 Measurements . 60
6.2.8 Computations . 62
6.2.9 Uncertainty . 62
6.2.10 Reporting for product installation compliance . 63
6.3 In-situ RF exposure evaluation or assessment process . 64
6.3.1 General . 64
6.3.2 In-situ measurement process . 64
6.3.3 Site analysis . 65
6.3.4 Case A evaluation . 66
6.3.5 Case B evaluation . 66
6.3.6 Uncertainty . 67
6.3.7 Reporting . 67
6.4 Averaging procedures . 67
6.4.1 Spatial averaging . 67
6.4.2 Time averaging . 68
7 Determining the evaluation method . 68
---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
IEC 62232:2022 © IEC 2022 – 3 –
7.1 Overview. 68
7.2 Process to determine the evaluation method . 68
7.2.1 General . 68
7.2.2 Establishing the evaluation points in relation to the source-environment
plane . 69
7.2.3 Exposure metric selection . 70
8 Evaluation methods . 71
8.1 General . 71
8.2 Measurement methods . 72
8.2.1 General . 72
8.2.2 RF field strength and power density measurements . 72
8.2.3 SAR measurements . 73
8.3 Computation methods . 74
8.4 Methods for assessment based on actual maximum approach . 76
8.4.1 General requirements . 76
8.4.2 Actual transmitted power or EIRP monitoring . 76
8.4.3 Actual transmitted power or EIRP control . 77
8.5 Methods for the assessment of RF exposure to multiple sources . 78
8.6 Methods for establishing the BS transmitted power or EIRP . 79
9 Uncertainty . 80
10 Reporting. 81
10.1 General requirements . 81
10.2 Report format . 81
10.3 Opinions and interpretations . 82
Annex A (informative) Source-environment plane and guidance on the evaluation
method selection . 83
A.1 Guidance on the source-environment plane . 83
A.1.1 General . 83
A.1.2 Source-environment plane example . 83
A.1.3 Source regions . 84
A.2 Select between computation or measurement approaches . 90
A.3 Select measurement method . 91
A.3.1 Selection stages . 91
A.3.2 Selecting between RF field strength, power density and SAR
measurement approaches . 91
A.3.3 Selecting between broadband and frequency selective measurement . 92
A.3.4 Selecting RF field strength measurement procedures . 93
A.4 Select computation method . 93
A.5 Additional considerations . 95
A.5.1 Simplicity . 95
A.5.2 Evaluation method ranking . 95
A.5.3 Applying multiple methods for RF exposure evaluation . 95
Annex B (normative) Evaluation methods . 96
B.1 Overview. 96
B.2 General . 96
B.2.1 Coordinate systems and reference points . 96
B.2.2 Variables . 97
B.3 RF exposure evaluation principles . 98
B.3.1 Simple calculation of RF field strength and power density . 98
---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
– 4 – IEC 62232:2022 © IEC 2022
B.3.2 Measurement of RF field strength and power density . 102
B.3.3 Spatial averaging . 104
B.3.4 Time averaging . 107
B.3.5 Comparing measured and computed values . 109
B.3.6 Personal RF monitors . 109
B.4 RF field strength and power density measurements . 109
B.4.1 Applicability of RF field strength and power density measurements . 109
B.4.2 In-situ RF exposure measurements . 109
B.4.3 Laboratory based RF field strength and power density measurements . 121
B.4.4 RF field strength and power density measurement uncertainty . 131
B.5 SAR measurements . 136
B.5.1 Overview of SAR measurements . 136
B.5.2 SAR measurement requirements . 136
B.5.3 SAR measurement description . 138
B.5.4 SAR measurement uncertainty. 143
B.6 Basic computation methods . 146
B.6.1 General . 146
B.6.2 Basic computation formulas for RF field strength or power density
evaluation . 146
B.6.3 Basic whole-body SAR and peak spatial-average SAR evaluation
formulas . 153
B.6.4 Basic compliance boundary assessment method for BS using parabolic
dish antennas . 160
B.6.5 Basic compliance boundary assessment method for intentionally
radiating cables . 163
B.7 Advanced computation methods. 164
B.7.1 General . 164
B.7.2 Synthetic model and ray tracing algorithms . 164
B.7.3 Full wave RF exposure computation . 171
B.7.4 Full wave SAR computation . 180
B.8 Extrapolation from the evaluated values to the maximum or actual values . 185
B.8.1 Extrapolation method . 185
B.8.2 Extrapolation to maximum in-situ RF field strength or power density
using broadband measurements . 187
B.8.3 Extrapolation to maximum in-situ RF field strength / power density using
frequency or code selective measurements . 187
B.8.4 Influence of traffic in real operating network . 188
B.8.5 Extrapolation for massive MIMO and beamforming BS . 189
B.8.6 Maximum exposure extrapolation with dynamic spectrum sharing (DSS) . 191
B.9 Guidance for implementing the actual maximum approach . 192
B.9.1 BS actual EIRP evaluation assumptions . 192
B.9.2 Technology duty-cycle factor description . 193
B.9.3 CDF evaluation using modelling studies . 195
B.9.4 CDF evaluation using measurement studies on operational BS sites . 196
B.9.5 Actual transmitted power or EIRP monitoring counters . 198
B.9.6 Configurations with multiple transmitters . 198
B.10 Transmitted power or EIRP evaluation . 200
B.10.1 General . 200
B.10.2 Measurement of the transmitted power in conducted mode . 200
B.10.3 Measurement of the transmitted power in OTA conditions . 201
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B.10.4 Measurement of the EIRP in OTA and laboratory conditions . 201
B.10.5 Measurement of the EIRP in OTA and in-situ conditions . 202
Annex C (informative) Guidelines for the validation of power or EIRP control features
and monitoring counter(s) related to the actual maximum approach . 203
C.1 Overview. 203
C.2 Guidelines for validating control feature(s) and monitoring counters . 203
C.3 Validation of power or EIRP monitoring counter in laboratory conditions . 204
C.3.1 Validation of power or EIRP monitoring counter in conducted mode –
test procedure . 204
C.3.2 Validation of power or EIRP monitoring counter in OTA mode – test
procedure . 206
C.3.3 Validation of control feature(s) in laboratory conditions . 209
C.3.4 Validation of control features using in-situ measurements . 212
C.4 Validation test report . 214
C.5 Case studies . 215
C.5.1 Case study A – In-situ validation . 215
C.5.2 Case study B – In-situ validation . 219
C.5.3 Case study C – In-situ validation . 222
Annex D (informative) Rationale supporting simplified product installation criteria. 227
D.1 General . 227
D.2 Class E2 . 227
D.3 Class E10 . 228
D.4 Class E100 . 229
D.5 Class E+ . 231
D.6 Simplified formulas for millimetre-wave antennas using massive MIMO or
beam steering . 232
Annex E (informative) Technology-specific exposure evaluation guidance . 234
E.1 Overview to guidance on specific technologies . 234
E.2 Summary of technology-specific information . 234
E.3 Guidance on spectrum analyser settings . 235
E.3.1 Overview of spectrum analyser settings . 235
E.3.2 Detection algorithms . 236
E.3.3 Resolution bandwidth and channel power processing . 236
E.3.4 Integration per service . 239
E.4 Stable transmitted power signals . 239
E.4.1 TDMA/FDMA technology . 239
E.4.2 WCDMA/UMTS technology . 240
E.4.3 OFDM technology . 241
E.5 WCDMA measurement and calibration using a code domain analyser . 241
E.5.1 WCDMA measurements – General. 241
E.5.2 WCDMA decoder characteristics . 241
E.5.3 Calibration . 242
E.6 Wi-Fi measurements . 244
E.6.1 General . 244
E.6.2 Integration time for reproducible measurements . 245
E.6.3 Channel occupation . 245
E.6.4 Some considerations . 246
E.6.5 Measurement configuration and steps. 246
E.6.6 Influence of the application layers . 247
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E.6.7 Power control . 247
E.7 LTE measurements . 248
E.7.1 Overview . 248
E.7.2 LTE transmission modes . 248
E.7.3 LTE-FDD frame structure . 249
E.7.4 LTE-TDD frame structure . 250
E.7.5 Maximum LTE exposure evaluation . 252
E.7.6 Instantaneous LTE exposure evaluation . 257
E.7.7 MIMO multiplexing of LTE BS . 258
E.8 NR BS measurements . 258
E.8.1 General . 258
E.8.2 Maximum NR exposure evaluation . 258
E.9 Establishing compliance boundaries using numerical simulations of MIMO
array antennas emitting correlated waveforms . 268
E.9.1 General . 268
E.9.2 Field combining near base stations for correlated exposure with the
purpose of establishing compliance boundaries .
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