ISO/TC 6 - Paper, board and pulps

This document describes a method for the determination of carbohydrate composition in kraft lignin, soda lignin and biorefinery lignin. The method is applicable to lignin isolated from a kraft pulping process, a soda pulping process, or lignin obtained by hydrolysis of biomass.

This document specifies a method for determining the total number of colony-forming units of yeast and mould in dry market pulp, paper and paperboard after disintegration. The enumeration relates to specific media.

This document specifies an oven-drying method for the determination of the dry matter content in paper, board, pulp and cellulosic nanomaterials in solid form, which all can be produced from virgin and /or recycled materials. It is also applicable to the determination of the dry matter content of paper and board for recycling. The procedure is applicable to paper, board, and pulp and cellulosic nanomaterials which do not contain any appreciable quantities of materials other than water that are volatile at the temperature of 105 °C ± 2 °C. It is used, for example, in the case of pulp, paper, and board and cellulosic nanomaterial samples taken for chemical and physical tests in the laboratory, when a concurrent determination of dry matter content is required. This method is not applicable to the determination of the dry matter content of slush pulp or to the determination of the saleable mass of pulp lots. NOTE 1 ISO 638-2[1] specifies an oven-drying method for the determination of the dry matter content of suspensions of cellulosic nanomaterials, ISO 287[2] specifies the determination of the moisture content of a lot of paper and board; ISO 4119[3] specifies the determination of stock concentration of pulps; the ISO 801 series[4] specifies the determination of the saleable mass in lots. NOTE 2 This document determines the total dry matter content of the sample, including any dissolved solids. If only the cellulosic material content free of dissolved solids is desired, dissolved solids are removed prior to measuring the dry matter content, e.g. by washing or dialysis, taking care to retain all cellulosic material; in cases where the sample is filterable without loss of cellulosic solids, ISO 4119[3] can be used to determine the stock consistency (content of cellulosic material in solid form).

This document specifies an oven-drying method for the determination of the dry matter content in suspensions of cellulosic nanomaterials. The procedure is applicable to cellulosic nanomaterial suspensions which do not contain any appreciable quantities of materials other than water that are volatile at the temperature of 105 °C ± 2 °C. It is used, for example, in the case of cellulosic nanomaterial suspensions samples taken for chemical and physical tests in the laboratory, when a concurrent determination of dry matter content is required. NOTE This document determines the total dry matter content of the sample, including any dissolved solids. If only the cellulosic material content free of dissolved solids is desired, dissolved solids are removed prior to measuring the dry matter content, e.g. by washing or dialysis, taking care to retain all cellulosic material.

This document specifies test methods for the determination of the internal diameter, the external diameter, the wall thickness and the length of paper and board cores.

This document specifies a method for the determination of the alkali reserve of papers and boards. lt is intended for products that contain alkaline pigments or other alkaline material, added to improve their resistance to acid attack (degradation). This document is not applicable to laminated, printed or otherwise processed grades that will not disintegrate completely by the procedure described. The result obtained will include alkaline pigments contained in the coating of a coated paper. NOTE Such alkaline coating will protect the core of the paper from acid substances in ambient air, but its effect on acid substances generated in the base paper itself is uncertain.

This document presents guidelines for a methodology for the estimation of the uncertainty of methods for testing lignins and kraft liquors, pulps, paper, board, cellulosic nanomaterials, as well as products thereof containing any portion of recycled material or material intended for recycling.

This document specifies a method for the measurement of curl in cut-size office papers. The test method is typically used in evaluating papers of the type described in ISO 216. This method is limited to papers with a maximum dimension of 300 mm in both directions. The measurement can be made on papers as received, after conditioning, or after processing in a copier or printing device.

This document specifies the essential characteristics and the principles of calibration of fixed platen compression testing equipment used in the testing of paper, board, and corrugated fibreboard.

This document specifies a method of obtaining, for test purposes, a gross sample representative of a certain lot of pulp. This document applies to all kinds of pulp delivered in bales or rolls. It is intended for use when sampling for all kinds of testing purposes except for the determination of saleable mass, in which case other International Standards apply such as ISO 801-1 and ISO 801-2. If, however, the pulp is to be tested for saleable mass in addition to other properties, the gross sample obtained according to the appropriate International Standard for sampling saleable mass can also be used for the other pulp property tests.

This document specifies a method for the determination of the pH-value defined by the electrolytes extractable by hot water from a sample of paper, board or pulp. This document is applicable to all kinds of paper, board and pulp. As the quantity of extractable ionic material approaches zero, as in the case of highly purified pulps, the precision of the method becomes poor because of the difficulties encountered in making pH measurements on water containing little electrolytic material. Since the extraction in this document is performed with distilled or deionised water, the pH-value measured can sometimes be different (e.g. fully bleached pulp) from the pH-value measured under mill process conditions in which various types of process waters, such as chemically treated river water containing electrolytes, are used. In such cases, ISO 29681 can be used instead, as it is specifically applicable to bleached pulps from virgin fibres and to pulp samples having a low ionic strength for which the pH value gives more realistic results related to mill conditions than those obtained with this document. For cellulosic papers used for electrical purposes, the method used can be that given in IEC 60554-2[5].

This document specifies a method for the determination of the pH-value defined by the electrolytes extractable by cold water from a sample of paper, board or pulp. This document is applicable to all types of paper, board and pulp. As the quantity of extractable ionic material approaches zero, as in the case of highly purified pulps, the precision of the method becomes poor because of the difficulties encountered in making pH measurements on water containing little electrolytic material. Since the extraction in this document is performed with distilled or deionised water, the pH-value measured can sometimes be different (e.g. for fully bleached pulp) from the pH-value measured under mill process conditions, in which various types of process waters, such as chemically treated river water containing electrolytes, are used. In such cases, ISO 29681 can be used instead, as it is specifically applicable to bleached pulps from virgin fibres and to pulp samples having a low ionic strength for which the pH value gives more realistic results related to mill conditions than those obtained with this document. For cellulosic papers used for electrical purposes, the method used can be that given in IEC 60554‑2[5].

This document specifies a method for the determination of the conductivity of aqueous extracts of paper, board or pulp, these extracts having been prepared by a hot or cold method. The method is applicable to all kinds of paper, board and pulps, except for papers used for electrical purposes. For high purity papers used for electrical purposes, see method given in EN 60554‑2.

This document specifies the nominal sizes of photographic glass plates, together with cutting dimensions and their tolerances. It also specifies the nominal substrate thicknesses and their tolerances, as well as providing a cross-reference for sheet films being used in newly manufactured holders for 19th century glass plate cameras.

This document specifies testing procedures for the instrumental determination of brightness and colour of tissue paper and tissue products viewed under outdoor daylight conditions. It also gives specific instructions for the preparation of test pieces (single-ply, multi-ply products) and for the optical measurements of products, where special precautions can be necessary. NOTE The properties called ISO brightness and colour with C/2° (indoor daylight) are measured with an instrument adjusted to a much lower UV content than that specified in this document. The measurements of ISO brightness and colour with C/2° (indoor daylight) are described in ISO 12625-15.

This document describes a laboratory test method, using an IGT1-type or a prüfbau2-type printability tester, for the preparation of specimens to evaluate the absorption rate of an ink on a substrate in offset lithography by setting-off the printed surface to an unprinted surface. This method describes testing with an amount of ink simulating either single colour or multi-colour printing. The print and the set-off print (counter print) are made with interval times, between print and set-off, common for the target process. This method evaluates a particular ink and substrate combination. 1These materials are available from IGT Testing Systems, www.igt.nl. This information is given for the convenience of the users of this document and does not constitute an endorsement by ISO of the products. Equivalent products may be used if they can be shown to lead to the same results. 2These materials are available from prüfbau, Dr.-Ing. H. Dürner GmbH, www.pruefbau.de. This information is given for the convenience of the users of this document and does not constitute an endorsement by ISO of the products. Equivalent products may be used if they can be shown to lead to the same results.

This document specifies a method for determining the roughness of paper and board using an apparatus which conforms to the Print-surf method, as defined in this document. It is applicable to all printing papers and boards with which it is possible to form a substantially airtight seal against the guard lands of the measuring head.

This document specifies a method to assess the disintegration of tissue paper and tissue products when subjected to mechanical agitation in water.

This document describes general test methods for determining the water vapour transmission rate of sheet materials by means of a dynamic gas method or a static gas method. Depending on the method and specific apparatus employed, materials up to 38 mm thick and with water vapour transmission rates in the range from 0,05 g/(m2·d) to 65 g/(m2·d) can be tested. The basis of the function of the instrumental techniques is briefly described. Advice on calibration is given in Annex B.

This document specifies the method for optical assessment of the contact angle between water and the surface of paper and board, where the process of droplet formation, application to planar substrates, or measurement of the droplet shape in contact with the solid is performed by automated equipment. The limits of measurement are determined by the capabilities of the instrumentation used. The instrumental capabilities defined by this document use a digital image capturing system operating at a minimum of 50 frames per second and needs the ability to perform the first measurement after no more than 20 ms to 40 ms contact between the droplet and substrate. The test method is applicable to most kinds of paper or board however it cannot be applicable to structured materials.

This method describes the determination of the carbohydrate composition in wood pulp samples. This method makes it possible to determine concentrations of individual anhydrous monosaccharides down to 1 mg/g oven-dry pulp.

The method is applicable to unbleached, bleached and semi-bleached wood pulp with a lignin content above 1 %. It is not generally intended for fully bleached chemical pulp, because the lignin content in these pulps is too low to be determined accurately.

This document provides guidance for representatives of the paper value chain for the design of printed paper products, with a view to deinkability contributing to recyclability in support of the circular economy. It describes relevant deinking processes, and the deinking performance of printed paper products produced with different printing, finishing and converting technologies in those deinking processes. It provides a list of relevant quality characteristics of industrial deinked pulps and a list of their possible usages based on those characteristics. This document does not include guidance for paper-based products which are not intended to be deinked.

This document specifies a method for the determination of water-soluble sulfates in all types of pulp, paper and board. The lower limit of the determination is 20 mg of sulfate ion per kilogram of dry sample.

This document specifies a method for the determination of the edgewise crush resistance of corrugated fibreboard. The force is applied in the direction of the flute axis. This method is applicable to single-wall (double-faced), double-wall, and triple-wall corrugated fibreboard. It may also be used to test samples taken from corrugated cases and other converted products. While the method is applicable to waxed corrugated fibreboard, care must be taken that the heat used in the waxing step does not affect the corrugated structure. This is controlled by observing that failure during the test still occurs away from the loaded edges.

This document specifies the Oken method for determining the smoothness of paper and board using an apparatus which complies with the Oken method, as defined in this part of ISO 8791. It is applicable to all printing papers and boards.

This document defines a method for measuring the decolouration capability of commercial products, produced using paper and board dyed in mass and/or printed with dye inks. This document does not apply to paper printed with pigment inks.

This document specifies procedures to measure the bending resistance of paper and paperboard using a Taber-type tester. This document is used to determine the bending moment required to deflect the free end of a 38 mm wide vertically clamped specimen by 15° when the load is applied at a bending length of 50 mm. For boards that tend to be permanently deformed if bent through 15°, the half bending angle, i.e. 7,5°, can be used. The bending resistance is expressed in terms of the bending moment and parameters set by the manufacturer of the Taber-type tester. The method is primarily used for papers with a high grammage. NOTE This document does not cover the low-range version of the Taber-type instrument that uses a bending length of 10 mm (see Reference [5]).

This document specifies a basic laboratory test method for deinkability, applicable to any kind of printed paper product, under alkaline conditions by means of single stage flotation deinking and fatty acid-based collector chemistry.

This document specifies a method for determining the grammage of paper and board.

This document specifies the procedure for the determination of acid-soluble magnesium, calcium, manganese, iron, copper, sodium and potassium by atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) or by inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry (ICP/ES). The acid-soluble element comprises the acid-soluble part of the incineration residue, i.e. that part of the ignition residue obtained after incineration which is soluble in hydrochloric acid or nitric acid. In cases where the residue is completely soluble, the result obtained by the procedure specified in this document is a measure of the total amount of each element in the sample. This document is applicable to all types of paper, board, pulps and cellulose nanomaterials. The limit of determination depends on the element and on the instrument used.

This document describes the determination of the residue (ash content) on ignition of paper, board, pulps and cellulose nanomaterials at 525 °C. It is applicable to all types of paper, board, pulp and cellulose nanomaterial samples. This document provides measurement procedures to obtain a measurement precision of 0,01 % or better for residue (ash content) on ignition at 525 °C. Determination of residue (ash content) on ignition at 900 °C of paper, board, pulps and cellulose nanomaterials is described in ISO 2144. In the context of this document, the term "cellulose nanomaterial" refers specifically to cellulose nano-object (see 3.2 to 3.4). Owing to their nanoscale dimensions, these cellulose nano-objects can have intrinsic properties, behaviours or functionalities that are distinct from those associated with paper, board and pulps.

This document describes the determination of the residue (ash content) on ignition of paper, board, pulps and cellulose nanomaterials. This document is applicable to all types of paper, board, pulp and cellulose nanomaterial. This document provides measurement procedures to obtain a measurement precision of 0,01 % or better for residue (ash content) on ignition at 900 °C. In the context of this document, the term "cellulose nanomaterial" refers specifically to cellulose nano-object (see 3.2 to 3.4). Owing to their nanoscale dimensions, these cellulose nano-objects can have intrinsic properties, behaviours or functionalities that are distinct from those associated with paper, board and pulps.

This document specifies a test method for the determination of the resistance to mechanical penetration (ball burst strength procedure) of tissue paper and tissue products after wetting.

This document specifies three test methods for determining the bending stiffness of paper and paperboard. The test methods differ in the type of loading mode, thus giving rise to the two-point, three-point and four-point bending test methods. For paper and paperboard in a low thickness range, the two-point bending method and the three-point bending method are suitable. For corrugated fibreboard and board with a higher thickness, the four-point bending method is recommended. The measurement conditions are defined in such a way that the test piece is not subjected to any significant permanent deformation during the test, nor is the range of validity of the formulae for calculating the bending stiffness exceeded. In these bending tests, the test pieces of paper and board are regarded as "beams" as defined by the science of the strength of materials, see Reference [2].

This document specifies a method for determining titanium dioxide content in all kinds of paper and board, in particular coated or filled products. It comprises two procedures for the final determination of titanium, one of them relying on spectrophotometry and the other on flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The limits of the determination depend on the amount of sample taken (8.1). NOTE The method is designed for the determination of titanium dioxide. Titanium present in other forms, for example as a constituent of clay, will not interfere in the determination.

This document establishes general principles for the use of terms in the entire working field of tissue paper and tissue products. It permits the use of a common terminology in industry and commerce. It is expressly stated that ISO 15755 applies for the detection of impurities and contraries in tissue paper and tissue products. For the determination of moisture content in tissue paper and tissue products, ISO 287 applies.

This part of ISO 11093 specifies a method for the determination of the maximum flat crush resistance of wound paper and board cores. NOTE If the wall thickness of the core is less than 5 mm, the breaking point is not detectable.

This document specifies procedures for the laboratory determination of the total elemental sulfur and the sulfate half-ester content of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy and conductometric titration, respectively, including sample preparation, measurement methods and data analysis. This document is applicable to the characterization of CNCs: a) with all monovalent counterions (particularly hydronium and sodium cations); b) which are either in the never-dried state in aqueous suspension, or have been redispersed from a dried form; and c) which have been extracted from any naturally occurring cellulose source using a range of sulfuric acid hydrolysis conditions, or have been sulfated post-hydrolysis using sulfuric acid.

This document describes a method for the determination of the flat crush resistance of a corrugating medium after laboratory fluting using an A-flute geometry. The procedure is applicable to any corrugating medium intended to be used, after fluting, in the manufacture of corrugated board. NOTE ISO 7263-2 describes a method to determine the flat crush resistance using a B-flute geometry.

This document describes a method for the determination of the flat crush resistance of a corrugating medium after laboratory fluting using a B-flute geometry. The procedure is applicable to any corrugating medium intended to be used, after fluting, in the manufacture of corrugated board. NOTE ISO 7263-1 describes a method to determine the flat crush resistance using an A-flute geometry.

ISO 20494:2017 specifies the requirements for the stability of paper for general graphic applications. It is applicable to all types of uncoated, coated and filled papers. NOTE For information on International Standards on paper permanence (see ISO 9706), archival paper permanence and durability (see ISO 11108) and on paper stability for general graphic applications (see ISO 20494), refer to Annex C.

ISO 5629:2017 specifies a method for the determination of bending stiffness using the resonance method. This method gives only a single result for each test piece tested, although in general, bending stiffness values may depend on which surface of the material forms the inner surface of the arc resulting from bending forces. The bending stiffness of a very wide range of papers and boards can be measured using this method. However, for some materials, such as those listed below, the measured numerical values will not be strictly identical with bending stiffness as defined in 3.1: a) multi-ply papers and boards in which the component plies can move separately during a test; b) papers and boards with appreciable curl, especially if the axis of the curl is in the long direction of the test piece; c) some soft papers with grammage below about 40 g/m2. This method is not applicable to corrugated boards.

ISO 4094:2017 provides both general requirements and specific requirements (Annex A) for laboratories seeking to become "Authorized Laboratories (ALs)" and to maintain their Authorized Laboratory status for the issue of optical reference transfer standards of level 3. This document follows the requirements and adopts the format of ISO/IEC 17025, with the aims of: a) establishing and maintaining international optical reference transfer standards of level 2 (IR2) traceable to an international optical reference primary standard of level 1 (IR1) maintained by a standardizing laboratory; b) distributing traceability required to achieve inter-laboratory agreement in the results of test methods specified in International Standards for optical properties of paper, board or pulp; c) participating in the design and development of new methods and international harmonization of procedures. When a laboratory does not undertake one or more of the activities covered by this document, such as sampling and the design/development of new methods, the requirements of those clauses do not apply. ISO 4094:2017 is for use by specified laboratories authorized to issue optical reference transfer standards in developing their management system for quality, administrative and technical operations. Laboratory customers, regulatory authorities and accreditation bodies can also use it in confirming or recognizing the competence of laboratories. NOTE It might be necessary to explain or interpret certain requirements in this document to ensure that the requirements are applied in a consistent manner. Guidance for consistent application can be obtained from Technical Committee ISO/TC 6.

ISO 287:2017 specifies an oven-drying method for the determination of the moisture content of a lot of paper and board. The procedure in Clause 8, describing how the test pieces are drawn from the lot, is performed at the time of sampling. ISO 287:2017 is applicable to every type of lot of paper and board, including corrugated board and solid board, provided that the paper or board does not contain any substances, other than water, that are volatile at the temperature specified in this document. NOTE For determination of the dry matter content of a sample of paper or board, e.g. for calculation of the dry mass of the sample, ISO 638[1] can be used.

ISO 2528:2017 specifies a method for the determination of the water vapour transmission rate (often erroneously called "permeability") of sheet materials. This method is not generally recommended for use if the transmission rate is expected to be less than 1 g/m2 per day or for materials thicker than 3 mm. In such cases the method specified in ISO 9932 is preferred. The method cannot be applied to film materials that are damaged by hot wax or that shrink to an appreciable extent under the test conditions used. For some purposes it may be necessary to determine the transmission rate of creased material; a procedure for this is given in Annex A.

ISO 17972-3 defines an exchange format for target input values, colour and process control data relating output targets for printers of all types (and the associated metadata necessary for its proper interpretation) in electronic form. ISO 17972-3 includes the use of a CustomResource element within the CXF framework to define a minimum set of data for exchange and identify the data as being part of the ISO 12642 series. If this same framework is used for another defined target, provision is made for that use as well.

ISO 8791-3:2017 specifies a method for the determination of the roughness of paper and board using the Sheffield apparatus. ISO 8791-3:2017 is applicable to papers and boards which have Sheffield roughness values between 10 ml/min and about 3 000 ml/min. It is not suitable for soft papers which allow the lands of the test head to indent the surface, or for high air-permeance papers which allow a significant flow of air through the sheet, or for papers which will not lie flat during the test.

ISO 11093-8:2017 specifies a method for the determination of the flexural modulus by using experimentally measured natural frequencies in the free-free mode of transverse vibration of cylindrical paper and board cores, which meet the following criteria: - internal diameter: 50 mm to 350 mm; - minimum wall thickness: 0,02 × internal diameter or not less than 2,0 mm; - minimum length of core: 8 × internal diameter. NOTE For the determination of the flexural modulus by the three-point method, see ISO 11093‑7.

ISO/TR 80002-2:2017 applies to any software used in device design, testing, component acceptance, manufacturing, labelling, packaging, distribution and complaint handling or to automate any other aspect of a medical device quality system as described in ISO 13485. ISO/TR 80002-2:2017 applies to - software used in the quality management system, - software used in production and service provision, and - software used for the monitoring and measurement of requirements. It does not apply to - software used as a component, part or accessory of a medical device, or - software that is itself a medical device.