Sustainability in buildings and civil engineering works — Indicators and benchmarks — Principles, requirements and guidelines

This document defines principles, requirements and guidelines for the development and use of benchmarks when assessing the economic, social and/or environmental performance of buildings and civil engineering works by using sustainability indicators. It complements and supports the application of ISO 21929-1 and ISO/TS 21929-2 by creating principles and requirements for the establishment of benchmarks that support target setting, decision making and communication to third parties. This document is also related to ISO 21931-1 and ISO 21931-2 by creating principles, requirements and guidelines for the establishment and use of benchmarks related to environmental performance and other aspects of sustainability. This document describes three types of values for benchmarks (performance levels for comparison purposes): — limit values; — reference values; — target values. This document does not set benchmarks.

Développement durable dans les bâtiments et ouvrages de génie civil — Indicateurs et référentiels — Principes, exigences et lignes directrices

Le présent document définit les principes, exigences et lignes directrices pour l'élaboration et l'utilisation de référentiels lors de l'évaluation de la performance économique, sociale et/ou environnementale des bâtiments et ouvrages de génie civil à l'aide d'indicateurs de développement durable. Il complète et facilite l'application de l'ISO 21929-1 et l'ISO/TS 21929-2 du fait qu'il crée des principes et des exigences pour l'établissement de référentiels qui facilitent la définition d'objectifs, la prise de décision et la communication à des tierces parties. Le présent document est également lié à l'ISO 21931-1 et l'ISO 21931-2 du fait qu'il crée des principes, des exigences et des lignes directrices pour l'établissement et l'utilisation de référentiels en relation avec la performance environnementale et d'autres aspects du développement durable. Le présent document décrit trois types de valeurs pour les référentiels (niveaux de performance à des fins de comparaison): — valeurs limites; — valeurs de référence; — valeurs cibles. Le présent document ne définit pas de référentiels.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
04-Jun-2020
Current Stage
6060 - International Standard published
Start Date
05-Jun-2020
Due Date
05-Sep-2020
Completion Date
05-Jun-2020
Ref Project

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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 21678
First edition
2020-06
Sustainability in buildings and civil
engineering works — Indicators
and benchmarks — Principles,
requirements and guidelines
Développement durable dans les bâtiments et ouvrages de génie
civil — Indicateurs et référentiels — Principes, exigences et lignes
directrices
Reference number
ISO 21678:2020(E)
©
ISO 2020

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 21678:2020(E)

COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2020
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Fax: +41 22 749 09 47
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO 21678:2020(E)

Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Framework for the establishment of benchmarks . 4
4.1 General . 4
4.2 Types of benchmarks . 5
4.2.1 Limit values . 5
4.2.2 Reference values . 5
4.2.3 Target values . 6
4.2.4 Sources and types of information for different types of benchmarks . 6
4.3 Comparison and evaluation process . 8
5 Principles and rules for declaration and communication . 8
5.1 Principles . 8
5.1.1 General. 8
5.1.2 Transparency . 8
5.1.3 Validity . 9
5.2 Rules for the declaration of supporting information . 9
5.3 Requirements for the communication of supporting information .10
Annex A (informative) Examples of benchmark information for selected indicators and
type of building .11
Bibliography .16
© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved iii

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ISO 21678:2020(E)

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www .iso .org/
iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 59, Buildings and civil engineering works,
Subcommittee SC 17, Sustainability in buildings and civil engineering works.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
iv © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO 21678:2020(E)

Introduction
Minimum requirements for sustainability assessment criteria and sustainability indicators for buildings
have been developed as have calculation methods and requirements. Whilst current International
1)
Standards on sustainability in buildings and civil engineering works support the assessment and
comparison of buildings and other types of construction works, there is no detailed information on the
evaluation process. Assessment is typically a two-step approach including calculation and evaluation.
To support the evaluation process, this document describes the use of benchmarks, including principles
and requirements for their development.
Building projects often need to be changed to significantly lower the negative impacts to the
environment, society and economy. This will require significant improvements in cooperation,
communication, and the use of design and assessment tools. As the demand for results of sustainability
assessments of buildings and other types of construction works continues to grow, benchmarks can be
used for tasks such as
— target setting in early design stages (strategic planning, preparation and briefing stages) and for
architectural competitions;
— target setting in public procurement;
— evaluation of designs or buildings and civil engineering works to support decision making;
— certification of buildings/other types of construction works;
— communication to third parties about assessment results (for example used in appraisal process or
to support funding decisions).
Although sustainability indicators are commonly used, the assessment results often lack transparency
[8]
about the development of the applied reference levels and their application .
The possible sources for benchmarks depend on the type of value. In this document they are described
as: a) limit values, b) reference values, c) target values.
Currently understanding of benchmarks has often been developed in parallel with the development of
assessment systems. As a result, the assessment ratings depend on the specific systems, calculation
and assessment rules, databases and calculation tools.
Benchmarks are important because there is a need to understand and explain the linkage between
the economic value of the asset and issues of sustainable development in order to promote sustainable
building. Transparent methods and common principles are needed for the development of benchmarks.
A range of stakeholders has an interest in receiving a common understanding of benchmarks for
buildings and civil engineering works. These include:
— Policy makers, local authorities, building authorities:
— to monitor and judge the progress of built environment in terms of sustainability indicators;
— to define targets and regulatory limit values for built environment.
— Owners and investors, portfolio managers:
— to compare the performance of buildings/premises/civil engineering works with other buildings
or construction works;
— in case of international property portfolios, to compare and assess the potential for new
technologies in different countries;
1) Suite of standards developed by ISO/TC 59 SC 17.
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ISO 21678:2020(E)

— to set targets.
— Designers and consultants:
— to compare the performance of design solutions.
— Appraisal specialists and estate agents:
— to use the benchmarks in comparative valuing;
— to use the benchmarks in selling/marketing.
— Banks and insurance companies:
— to use the benchmarks in valuing and assessing financial risks (ISO 14097).
vi © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved

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INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 21678:2020(E)
Sustainability in buildings and civil engineering works —
Indicators and benchmarks — Principles, requirements
and guidelines
1 Scope
This document defines principles, requirements and guidelines for the development and use of
benchmarks when assessing the economic, social and/or environmental performance of buildings and
civil engineering works by using sustainability indicators.
It complements and supports the application of ISO 21929-1 and ISO/TS 21929-2 by creating principles
and requirements for the establishment of benchmarks that support target setting, decision making
and communication to third parties. This document is also related to ISO 21931-1 and ISO 21931-2 by
creating principles, requirements and guidelines for the establishment and use of benchmarks related
to environmental performance and other aspects of sustainability.
This document describes three types of values for benchmarks (performance levels for comparison
purposes):
— limit values;
— reference values;
— target values.
This document does not set benchmarks.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 6707-1, Buildings and civil engineering works — Vocabulary — Part 1: General terms
ISO 21929-1, Sustainability in building construction — Sustainability indicators — Part 1: Framework for
the development of indicators and a core set of indicators for buildings
ISO/TS 21929-2, Sustainability in building construction — Sustainability indicators — Part 2: Framework
for the development of indicators for civil engineering works
ISO 21931-1, Sustainability in building construction — Framework for methods of assessment of the
environmental performance of construction works — Part 1: Buildings
ISO 21931-2, Sustainability in buildings and civil engineering works — Framework for methods of
assessment of the environmental, social and economic performance of construction works as a basis for
sustainability assessment — Part 2: Civil engineering works
ISO/TR 21932, Sustainability in buildings and civil engineering works — A review of terminology
ISO 15392, Sustainability in buildings and civil engineering works — General principles
ISO 14050, Environmental management — Vocabulary
© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved 1

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ISO 21678:2020(E)

3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 6707-1, ISO 15392, ISO 14050,
ISO/TR 21932 and the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
benchmarking
process of collecting, analysing and relating performance (3.12) data of comparable buildings or other
types of construction works
Note 1 to entry: Benchmarking is typically used for evaluating and comparing performance between or within
objects of consideration.
3.2
benchmark
reference point against which comparisons can be made
3.3
best practice
level representing best available real performance (3.12)
Note 1 to entry: This value evolves with time.
3.4
functional equivalent
quantified functional requirements and/or technical requirements for a building or other types of
construction works for use as a reference basis for comparison
[SOURCE: ISO 21931-1:2010, 3.7, modified — Reference to "other types of construction works" has
been added.]
3.5
functionality
suitability or usefulness for a specific purpose or activity
[SOURCE: ISO 15686-10:2010, 3.13]
3.6
indicator
quantitative, qualitative or descriptive measure
[SOURCE: ISO 15392:2019, 3.18]
3.7
life cycle
all consecutive and interlinked stages in the life of the object under consideration
Note 1 to entry: For consideration environmental impacts and environmental aspects, the life cycle comprises all
stages, from raw material acquisition or generation from natural resources to end-of-life.
Note 2 to entry: Adapted from the definition of life cycle in ISO 14040:2006, 3.1.
[SOURCE: ISO 21930:2017, 3.3.1]
3.8
limit value
upper or lower acceptable performance level (3.13) on a performance scale
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ISO 21678:2020(E)

3.9
mean value
average value
reference value (3.14) representing the sum of values divided by the number of values
3.10
median value
reference value (3.14) separating the upper half of a data sample from the lower half
3.11
modal value
typical value
reference value (3.14) representing the most frequent value of a data sample
3.12
performance
ability to fulfil required functions under intended use conditions
[SOURCE: ISO 6707-1:2017, 3.7.1.1]
3.13
performance level
value indicating the relative performance (3.12) required (or provided) for a particular attribute on a
relative scale, from the level of the least (performance) to the level of the most (performance)
Note 1 to entry: For some attributes, such as adaptability, the level may be expressed with help of criteria e.g., an
‘A level’ achieved when 80 % of criteria is fulfilled, or a B level when only 60 % of criteria is fulfilled.
Note 2 to entry: Adapted from the definition of level of performance in ISO 15686-10:2010, 3.16.
3.14
reference value
performance level (3.13) on a performance scale that represents state of the art or best practice
Note 1 to entry: A reference value is subject to temporal changes.
3.15
stakeholder
individual or group that has an interest in any decision or activity of an organization (ISO/IEC
Directives, Part 1)
[SOURCE: ISO 26000:2010, 2.20]
3.16
sustainability indicator
indicator (3.6) related to economic, environmental or social impacts
[SOURCE: ISO 21929-1:2011, 3.33]
3.17
target value
performance level (3.13) on a performance scale that represents an objective that goes beyond the
reference value (3.14)
Note 1 to entry: Target values can follow a top-down or bottom-up approach.
Note 2 to entry: A target value is the result of a target setting process.
Note 3 to entry: A subdivision into short-term, medium-term and long-term target values is possible.
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ISO 21678:2020(E)

4 Framework for the establishment of benchmarks
4.1 General
Performance parameters which relate to the contribution to sustainable development are frequently
linked to indicators. Such indicators should be objective, verifiable and reproducible, and, wherever
possible, linked to predetermined benchmarks, reference levels or scales of value of the indicator (see
EN 15978).
Although similar sustainability indicators are used globally, the benchmarks of buildings or other types
of construction works expressed with the help of these indicators vary according to the local context
(i.e. climate and national or regional differences in building methods) and the building/construction
work type and functionality.
Benchmarks can be developed for different sustainability indicators.
Appropriate sustainability indicators of performance covering environmental, economic and social
aspects shall be selected in accordance with the requirements and guidelines of ISO 21929-1 and
ISO/TS 21929-2.
NOTE 1 ISO 21929 (all parts) gives guidelines for the formulation of the sustainability indicators with the
help of which sustainability aspects can be either quantitatively expressed or comparably described using
performance levels.
NOTE 2 In addition to the core set of sustainability indicators defined in ISO 21929 (all parts), the use of other
sustainability indicators can be relevant in the local context when assessing or setting targets for a construction
works’ contribution to sustainable development.
Sustainability indicators that have specific characteristics and calculation or measurement methods
need to be considered using appropriate units. The comparison of buildings or other types of
construction works with the help of benchmarks may be expressed using a reference unit. A reference
unit is needed when benchmarking in terms of the use of material or energy resources, emissions to air,
2)
soil and/or water, or cost . Different approaches to the establishment of benchmarks can be needed for
different types of sustainability indicators.
The development of benchmarks requires in specific cases generation of information about the
performance of a significant number of buildings or other types of construction works for the chosen
indicator(s).
Benchmarks can be developed for use at the design and/or the operational stage. For some sustainability
indicators the building/civil-engineering-work level information can be either calculated on the basis
of the design or measured. For other indicators, such as global warming potential of a building or
other type of construction work and other life-cycle-based emission indicators, the value can only be
calculated.
Performance values are closely linked with the methods of calculation (assessment or simulation) and/
or with the methods of measurement.
NOTE 3 The calculation of greenhouse gases and other life-cycle-based emission indicators for buildings
or other types of construction works requires information about the quantities of materials and fuels needed
throughout the life cycle of the building. In addition, the calculation needs information about the environmental
impacts of the materials and fuels. Thus, performance values for these indicators are closely linked with the
quality of environmental data available about materials and fuels.
2) For instance, emissions/use of resources/cost of buildings can be expressed for example with regard to the
building area, building volume, operating hours, or number of users.
4 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved

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ISO 21678:2020(E)

4.2 Types of benchmarks
4.2.1 Limit values
Limit values are, in most cases, set by regulations or defined in national standards. Those define the
minimum requirements for upper or lower values for different aspects of performance.
Limit values may be certain percentile values or may be based on the calculation of cost-optimal levels,
technical, economic or technical feasibility, or some combination of these. These shall be based on a
comprehensive assessment that covers the methods of assessment, assessment results and assessment
of the local relevance of the results.
Effective implementation of legal/regulatory minimum or maximum values requires that such values
are based on a knowledge of:
— the current performance of existing or new buildings or civil engineering works that belong to the
same type of building/civil engineering work that is the object of consideration;
— the technical, economic, environmental and social feasibility of the limit value.
Upper and lower limit values for buildings and other types of construction works shall be based on
reliable and transparent information about the current performance and the feasibility of these
values. The minimum information needed in the development of limit values shall be locally relevant
statistical information or other collected information or assessed/calculated information. In the
process of establishing limit values the source of any databases, methods and tools needed in the
design, construction and operation of buildings or other types of construction works, by those who are
responsible for meeting the limit value, shall be provided or identified.
4.2.2 Reference values
Reference values often arise from national or international collaboration by different stakeholders
(such as owners, investors, designers, contractors, building authorities and researchers).
Reference values may be based on
— local relevant statistical information about the performance of building type or other type of
construction work;
— local surveys based on representative samples of the performance of building type or other type of
construction work;
— theoretical assessment of a building type or other type of construction work (e.g. reference building);
— demonstration projects.
A reference value may also be identical to a limit value. For example, if any new building or other type of
construction work needs to fulfil a minimum/maximum legal requirement or national standard, this is
also a reference value.
Reference values may represent
— mean, median or modal values;
— specific percentile values;
— technical and/or economic optimum or feasibility.
Best practice indicates the local best practice performance level of buildings or other types of
construction works in terms of different sustainability indicators. The development of benchmarks
using a best practice approach shall be based on an adequate understanding and knowledge of the
technical and economic preconditions that enable their achievement. When information about best-
© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved 5

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ISO 21678:2020(E)

practice-based reference values is made available, the technical and economic feasibility and the local
relevance of the values shall also be given.
The development of reference values based on economic or technical optima shall be based on
a comprehensive assessment. Information about optima shall cover the methods of assessment,
assessment results and assessment of the local relevance of the results.
3)
Reference values may be reported with the help of steps . The scale shall be based on a good
understanding, as a result of statistics, calculations or specific and adequate surveys of the performance
of buildings or civil engineering works under study.
4.2.3 Target values
Target values are set by policy makers, industry, investors, owners or others who define targets for
different performance aspects. Target values can be developed following a top-down or bottom-up
approach. In a top-down approach the starting points for the formulation of target values include
science-based targets, policy targets or international agreements. In a bottom-up approach the
development of target values is based on feasibility studies, statistics etc.
Target values can also be values set by consensus through voluntary industrial, policy or other
programmes. These seek to improve the sustainability of buildings or other types of construction works
by encouraging, rather than requiring, governments, industries, businesses and other organizations
to adopt measures that contribute beneficially to sustainable development. The development of an
international, national, regional or local target value that is able to have a beneficial impact on its focus
area requires careful consideration of the starting point. Such values can be most effective and support
the achievement of the target when the target value is based on a good knowledge of the current
performance of the existing or new construction works that belong to the target group. The technical,
economic, environmental, social and practical feasibility of the target is important in the case of short-
term targets.
The social feasibility requires that the target setting have taken into consideration different types of
stakeholders relevant to the focus area of the target. The practical feasibility requires the availability of
tools, methods etc. needed by those who are responsible for checking the success in achieving the target.
Target values for buildings and other types of construction works shall be based on adequate and
transparent information about the current performance of buildings or other types of construction
works under study. Short-term and medium-term targets shall also be based on adequate and
transparent information about the feasibility of the target.
4.2.4 Sources and types of information for different types of benchmarks
Figure 1 illustrates the position of different types of benchmarks.
3) As defined in sustainable building rating systems.
6 © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved

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ISO 21678:2020(E)

Figure 1 — Limit, reference and target values representing benchmarks in the system of
performance levels as part of a performance scale for one selected indicator
Table 1 defines and summarises the sources and types of information for the three types of benchmarks
identified.
Table 1 — Sources and types of information
Limit Reference Target Comment
value value value
Source of information
Statistics X X X
Surveys having an adequate sample size X X X
Theoretical calculation X X X
Legal and regulatory requirements X X Regulations with performance levels
National standards X X Standards with performance levels
Demonstration projects X X
Policy objective X
Type of information
Mean value X sum of all the values
divided by the number of values
Modal value X value that appears most often
Median value X lies in the middle when the values
are ordered (=50 percentile =2nd
quarter)
10 / 25 percentile X X 10 %/25 % of all values are below
the 10 / 25 percentile to be checked
Key
X  relevance of the source or type of information for different kinds of benchmarks
© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved 7

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ISO 21678:2020(E)

Table 1 (continued)
Limit Reference Target Comment
value value value
75 / 90 percentile X X 75 %/90 % of all values are below
the 75 / 90 percentile to be checked
Best practice X X
Economic optimum X X X
Technical optimum X X X
Economic feasibility X X X
Technical feasibility X X X
State of the art X
Key
X  relevance of the source or type of information for different kinds of benchmarks
Intermediate performance levels may be introduced in the development of an assessment scale. It shall
be defined whether, and accordin
...

FINAL
INTERNATIONAL ISO/FDIS
DRAFT
STANDARD 21678
ISO/TC 59/SC 17
Sustainability in buildings and civil
Secretariat: AFNOR
engineering works — Indicators
Voting begins on:
2020­03­12 and benchmarks — Principles,
requirements and guidelines
Voting terminates on:
2020­05­07
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED TO
SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS, NOTIFICATION
OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT RIGHTS OF WHICH
THEY ARE AWARE AND TO PROVIDE SUPPOR TING
DOCUMENTATION.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
Reference number
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL, TECHNO­
ISO/FDIS 21678:2020(E)
LOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND USER PURPOSES,
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS MAY ON
OCCASION HAVE TO BE CONSIDERED IN THE
LIGHT OF THEIR POTENTIAL TO BECOME STAN­
DARDS TO WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
©
NATIONAL REGULATIONS. ISO 2020

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 21678:2020(E)

COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2020
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH­1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Fax: +41 22 749 09 47
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 21678:2020(E)

Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Framework for the establishment of benchmarks . 4
4.1 General . 4
4.2 Types of benchmarks . 5
4.2.1 Limit values . 5
4.2.2 Reference values . 5
4.2.3 Target values . 6
4.2.4 Sources and types of information for different types of benchmarks . 6
4.3 Comparison and evaluation process . 8
5 Principles and rules for declaration and communication . 8
5.1 Principles . 8
5.1.1 General. 8
5.1.2 Transparency . 8
5.1.3 Validity . 9
5.2 Rules for the declaration of supporting information . 9
5.3 Requirements for the communication of supporting information .10
Annex A (informative) Examples of benchmark information for selected indicators and
type of building .11
Bibliography .16
© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved iii

---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 21678:2020(E)

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www .iso .org/
iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 59, Buildings and civil engineering works,
Subcommittee SC 17, Sustainability in buildings and civil engineering works.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
iv © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO/FDIS 21678:2020(E)

Introduction
Minimum requirements for sustainability assessment criteria and sustainability indicators for buildings
have been developed as have calculation methods and requirements. Whilst current International
1)
Standards on sustainability in buildings and civil engineering works support the assessment and
comparison of buildings and other types of construction works, there is no detailed information on the
evaluation process. Assessment is typically a two-step approach including calculation and evaluation.
To support the evaluation process, this document describes the use of benchmarks, including principles
and requirements for their development.
Building projects often need to be changed to significantly lower the negative impacts to the
environment, society and economy. This will require significant improvements in cooperation,
communication, and the use of design and assessment tools. As the demand for results of sustainability
assessments of buildings and other types of construction works continues to grow, benchmarks can be
used for tasks such as
— target setting in early design stages (strategic planning, preparation and briefing stages) and for
architectural competitions;
— target setting in public procurement;
— evaluation of designs or buildings and civil engineering works to support decision making;
— certification of buildings/other types of construction works;
— communication to third parties about assessment results (for example used in appraisal process or
to support funding decisions).
Although sustainability indicators are commonly used, the assessment results often lack transparency
[8]
about the development of the applied reference levels and their application .
The possible sources for benchmarks depend on the type of value. In this document they are described
as: a) limit values, b) reference values, c) target values.
Currently understanding of benchmarks has often been developed in parallel with the development of
assessment systems. As a result, the assessment ratings depend on the specific systems, calculation
and assessment rules, databases and calculation tools.
Benchmarks are important because there is a need to understand and explain the linkage between
the economic value of the asset and issues of sustainable development in order to promote sustainable
building. Transparent methods and common principles are needed for the development of benchmarks.
A range of stakeholders has an interest in receiving a common understanding of benchmarks for
buildings and civil engineering works. These include:
— Policy makers, local authorities, building authorities:
— to monitor and judge the progress of built environment in terms of sustainability indicators;
— to define targets and regulatory limit values for built environment.
— Owners and investors, portfolio managers:
— to compare the performance of buildings/premises/civil engineering works with other buildings
or construction works;
— in case of international property portfolios, to compare and assess the potential for new
technologies in different countries;
1) Suite of standards developed by ISO/TC 59 SC 17.
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— to set targets.
— Designers and consultants:
— to compare the performance of design solutions.
— Appraisal specialists and estate agents:
— to use the benchmarks in comparative valuing;
— to use the benchmarks in selling/marketing.
— Banks and insurance companies:
— to use the benchmarks in valuing and assessing financial risks (ISO 14097).
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FINAL DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/FDIS 21678:2020(E)
Sustainability in buildings and civil engineering works —
Indicators and benchmarks — Principles, requirements
and guidelines
1 Scope
This document defines principles, requirements and guidelines for the development and use of
benchmarks when assessing the economic, social and/or environmental performance of buildings and
civil engineering works by using sustainability indicators.
It complements and supports the application of ISO 21929-1 and ISO/TS 21929-2 by creating principles
and requirements for the establishment of benchmarks that support target setting, decision making
and communication to third parties. This document is also related to ISO 21931-1 and ISO 21931-2 by
creating principles, requirements and guidelines for the establishment and use of benchmarks related
to environmental performance and other aspects of sustainability.
This document describes three types of values for benchmarks (performance levels for comparison
purposes):
— limit values;
— reference values;
— target values.
This document does not set benchmarks.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 6707­1, Buildings and civil engineering works — Vocabulary — Part 1: General terms
ISO 21929­1, Sustainability in building construction — Sustainability indicators — Part 1: Framework for
the development of indicators and a core set of indicators for buildings
ISO/TS 21929­2, Sustainability in building construction — Sustainability indicators — Part 2: Framework
for the development of indicators for civil engineering works
ISO 21931­1, Sustainability in building construction — Framework for methods of assessment of the
environmental performance of construction works — Part 1: Buildings
ISO 21931­2, Sustainability in buildings and civil engineering works — Framework for methods of
assessment of the environmental, social and economic performance of construction works as a basis for
sustainability assessment — Part 2: Civil engineering works
ISO/TR 21932, Sustainability in buildings and civil engineering works — A review of terminology
ISO 15392, Sustainability in buildings and civil engineering works — General principles
ISO 14050, Environmental management — Vocabulary
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3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 6707-1, ISO 15392, ISO 14050,
ISO/TR 21932 and the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1
benchmarking
process of collecting, analysing and relating performance (3.12) data of comparable buildings or other
types of construction works
Note 1 to entry: Benchmarking is typically used for evaluating and comparing performance between or within
objects of consideration.
3.2
benchmark
reference point against which comparisons can be made
3.3
best practice
level representing best available real performance (3.12)
Note 1 to entry: This value evolves with time.
3.4
functional equivalent
quantified functional requirements and/or technical requirements for a building or other types of
construction works for use as a reference basis for comparison
[SOURCE: ISO 21931-1:2010, 3.7, modified — Reference to "other types of construction works" has
been added.]
3.5
functionality
suitability or usefulness for a specific purpose or activity
[SOURCE: ISO 15686­10:2010, 3.13]
3.6
indicator
quantitative, qualitative or descriptive measure
[SOURCE: ISO 15392:2019, 3.18]
3.7
life cycle
all consecutive and interlinked stages in the life of the object under consideration
Note 1 to entry: For consideration environmental impacts and environmental aspects, the life cycle comprises all
stages, from raw material acquisition or generation from natural resources to end-of-life.
Note 2 to entry: Adapted from the definition of life cycle in ISO 14040:2006, 3.1.
[SOURCE: ISO 21930:2017, 3.3.1]
3.8
limit value
upper or lower acceptable performance level (3.13) on an evaluation scale
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3.9
mean value
average value
reference value (3.14) representing the sum of values divided by the number of values
3.10
median value
reference value (3.14) separating the upper half of a data sample from the lower half
3.11
modal value
typical value
reference value (3.14) representing the most frequent value of a data sample
3.12
performance
ability to fulfil required functions under intended use conditions
[SOURCE: ISO 6701­1:2017, 3.7.1.1]
3.13
performance level
value indicating the relative performance (3.12) required (or provided) for a particular attribute on a
relative scale, from the level of the least (performance) to the level of the most (performance)
Note 1 to entry: For some attributes, such as adaptability, the level may be expressed with help of criteria e.g., an
‘A level’ achieved when 80 % of criteria is fulfilled, or a B level when only 60 % of criteria is fulfilled.
Note 2 to entry: Adapted from the definition of level of performance in ISO 15686-10:2010, 3.16.
3.14
reference value
performance level (3.13) on an evaluation scale that represents state of the art or best practice
Note 1 to entry: A reference value is subject to temporal changes.
3.15
stakeholder
individual or group that has an interest in any decision or activity of an organization (ISO/IEC
Directives, Part 1)
[SOURCE: ISO 26000:2010, 2.20]
3.16
sustainability indicator
indicator (3.6) related to economic, environmental or social impacts
[SOURCE: ISO 21929­1:2011, 3.33]
3.17
target value
performance level (3.13) on an evaluation scale that represents an objective that goes beyond the
reference value (3.14)
Note 1 to entry: Target values can follow a top-down or bottom-up approach.
Note 2 to entry: A target value is the result of a target setting process.
Note 3 to entry: A subdivision into short-term, medium-term and long-term target values is possible.
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4 Framework for the establishment of benchmarks
4.1 General
Performance parameters which relate to the contribution to sustainable development are frequently
linked to indicators. Such indicators should be objective, verifiable and reproducible, and, wherever
possible, linked to predetermined benchmarks, reference levels or scales of value of the indicator (see
EN 15978).
Although similar sustainability indicators are used globally, the benchmarks of buildings or other types
of construction works expressed with the help of these indicators vary according to the local context
(i.e. climate and national or regional differences in building methods) and the building/construction
work type and functionality.
Benchmarks can be developed for different sustainability indicators.
Appropriate sustainability indicators of performance covering environmental, economic and social
aspects shall be selected in accordance with the requirements and guidelines of ISO 21929-1 and
ISO/TS 21929­2.
NOTE 1 ISO 21929 (all parts) gives guidelines for the formulation of the sustainability indicators with the
help of which sustainability aspects can be either quantitatively expressed or comparably described using
performance levels.
NOTE 2 In addition to the core set of sustainability indicators defined in ISO 21929 (all parts), the use of other
sustainability indicators can be relevant in the local context when assessing or setting targets for a construction
works’ contribution to sustainable development.
Sustainability indicators that have specific characteristics and calculation or measurement methods
need to be considered using appropriate units. The comparison of buildings or other types of
construction works with the help of benchmarks may be expressed using a reference unit. A reference
unit is needed when benchmarking in terms of the use of material or energy resources, emissions to air,
2)
soil and/or water, or cost . Different approaches to the establishment of benchmarks can be needed for
different types of sustainability indicators.
The development of benchmarks requires in specific cases generation of information about the
performance of a significant number of buildings or other types of construction works for the chosen
indicator(s).
Benchmarks can be developed for use at the design and/or the operational stage. For some sustainability
indicators the building/civil-engineering-work level information can be either calculated on the basis
of the design or measured. For other indicators, such as global warming potential of a building or
other type of construction work and other life-cycle-based emission indicators, the value can only be
calculated.
Performance values are closely linked with the methods of calculation (assessment or simulation) and/
or with the methods of measurement.
NOTE 3 The calculation of greenhouse gases and other life-cycle-based emission indicators for buildings
or other types of construction works requires information about the quantities of materials and fuels needed
throughout the life cycle of the building. In addition, the calculation needs information about the environmental
impacts of the materials and fuels. Thus, performance values for these indicators are closely linked with the
quality of environmental data available about materials and fuels.
2) For instance, emissions/use of resources/cost of buildings can be expressed for example with regard to the
building area, building volume, operating hours, or number of users.
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4.2 Types of benchmarks
4.2.1 Limit values
Limit values are, in most cases, set by regulations or defined in national standards. Those define the
minimum requirements for upper or lower values for different aspects of performance.
Limit values may be certain percentile values or may be based on the calculation of cost-optimal levels,
technical, economic or technical feasibility, or some combination of these. These shall be based on a
comprehensive assessment that covers the methods of assessment, assessment results and assessment
of the local relevance of the results.
Effective implementation of legal/regulatory minimum or maximum values requires that such values
are based on a knowledge of:
— the current performance of existing or new buildings or civil engineering works that belong to the
same type of building/civil engineering work that is the object of consideration;
— the technical, economic, environmental and social feasibility of the limit value.
Upper and lower limit values for buildings and other types of construction works shall be based on
reliable and transparent information about the current performance and the feasibility of these
values. The minimum information needed in the development of limit values shall be locally relevant
statistical information or other collected information or assessed/calculated information. In the
process of establishing limit values the source of any databases, methods and tools needed in the
design, construction and operation of buildings or other types of construction works, by those who are
responsible for meeting the limit value, shall be provided or identified.
4.2.2 Reference values
Reference values often arise from national or international collaboration by different stakeholders
(such as owners, investors, designers, contractors, building authorities and researchers).
Reference values may be based on
— local relevant statistical information about the performance of building type or other type of
construction work;
— local surveys based on representative samples of the performance of building type or other type of
construction work;
— theoretical assessment of a building type or other type of construction work (e.g. reference building);
— demonstration projects.
A reference value may also be identical to a limit value. For example, if any new building or other type of
construction work needs to fulfil a minimum/maximum legal requirement or national standard, this is
also a reference value.
Reference values may represent
— mean, median or modal values;
— specific percentile values;
— technical and/or economic optimum or feasibility.
Best practice indicates the local best practice performance level of buildings or other types of
construction works in terms of different sustainability indicators. The development of benchmarks
using a best practice approach shall be based on an adequate understanding and knowledge of the
technical and economic preconditions that enable their achievement. When information about best­
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practice-based reference values is made available, the technical and economic feasibility and the local
relevance of the values shall also be given.
The development of reference values based on economic or technical optima shall be based on
a comprehensive assessment. Information about optima shall cover the methods of assessment,
assessment results and assessment of the local relevance of the results.
3)
Reference values may be reported with the help of steps . The scale shall be based on a good
understanding, as a result of statistics, calculations or specific and adequate surveys of the performance
of buildings or civil engineering works under study.
4.2.3 Target values
Target values are set by policy makers, industry, investors, owners or others who define targets for
different performance aspects. Target values can be developed following a top­down or bottom­up
approach. In a top­down approach the starting points for the formulation of target values include
science-based targets, policy targets or international agreements. In a bottom-up approach the
development of target values is based on feasibility studies, statistics etc.
Target values can also be values set by consensus through voluntary industrial, policy or other
programmes. These seek to improve the sustainability of buildings or other types of construction works
by encouraging, rather than requiring, governments, industries, businesses and other organizations
to adopt measures that contribute beneficially to sustainable development. The development of an
international, national, regional or local target value that is able to have a beneficial impact on its focus
area requires careful consideration of the starting point. Such values can be most effective and support
the achievement of the target when the target value is based on a good knowledge of the current
performance of the existing or new construction works that belong to the target group. The technical,
economic, environmental, social and practical feasibility of the target is important in the case of short-
term targets.
The social feasibility requires that the target setting have taken into consideration different types of
stakeholders relevant to the focus area of the target. The practical feasibility requires the availability of
tools, methods etc. needed by those who are responsible for checking the success in achieving the target.
Target values for buildings and other types of construction works shall be based on adequate and
transparent information about the current performance of buildings or other types of construction
works under study. Short-term and medium-term targets shall also be based on adequate and
transparent information about the feasibility of the target.
4.2.4 Sources and types of information for different types of benchmarks
Figure 1 illustrates the position of different types of benchmarks.
3) As defined in sustainable building rating systems
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Figure 1 — Limit, reference and target values representing benchmarks in the system of
performance levels as part of a performance scale for one selected indicator
Table 1 defines and summarises the sources and types of information for the three types of benchmarks
identified.
Table 1 — Sources and types of information
Limit Reference Target Comment
value value value
Source of information
Statistics X X X
Surveys having an adequate sample size X X X
Theoretical calculation X X X
Legal and regulatory requirements X X Regulations with performance levels
National standards X X Standards with performance levels
Demonstration projects X X
Policy objective X
Type of information
Mean value X sum of all the values
divided by the number of values
Modal value X value that appears most often
Median value X lies in the middle when the values
are ordered (=50 percentile =2nd
quarter)
10 / 25 percentile X X 10 %/25 % of all values are below
the 10 / 25 percentile to be checked
Key
X  relevance of the source or type of information for different kinds of benchmarks
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Table 1 (continued)
Limi
...

NORME ISO
INTERNATIONALE 21678
Première édition
2020-06
Développement durable dans les
bâtiments et ouvrages de génie
civil — Indicateurs et référentiels
— Principes, exigences et lignes
directrices
Sustainability in buildings and civil engineering works — Indicators
and benchmarks — Principles, requirements and guidelines
Numéro de référence
ISO 21678:2020(F)
©
ISO 2020

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ISO 21678:2020(F)

DOCUMENT PROTÉGÉ PAR COPYRIGHT
© ISO 2020
Tous droits réservés. Sauf prescription différente ou nécessité dans le contexte de sa mise en œuvre, aucune partie de cette
publication ne peut être reproduite ni utilisée sous quelque forme que ce soit et par aucun procédé, électronique ou mécanique,
y compris la photocopie, ou la diffusion sur l’internet ou sur un intranet, sans autorisation écrite préalable. Une autorisation peut
être demandée à l’ISO à l’adresse ci-après ou au comité membre de l’ISO dans le pays du demandeur.
ISO copyright office
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Publié en Suisse
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ISO 21678:2020(F)

Sommaire Page
Avant-propos .iv
Introduction .v
1 Domaine d’application . 1
2 Références normatives . 1
3 Termes et définitions . 2
4 Cadre pour l’établissement de référentiels . 4
4.1 Généralités . 4
4.2 Types de référentiels . 5
4.2.1 Valeurs limites . . . 5
4.2.2 Valeurs de référence . 5
4.2.3 Valeurs cibles . 6
4.2.4 Sources et types d’informations pour différents types de référentiels . 7
4.3 Processus de comparaison et d’évaluation . 8
5 Principes et règles pour la déclaration et la communication . 9
5.1 Principes . 9
5.1.1 Généralités . 9
5.1.2 Transparence . 9
5.1.3 Validité . 9
5.2 Règles pour la déclaration des informations d’appui . 9
5.3 Exigences pour la communication des informations d’appui .11
Annexe A (informative) Exemples d’informations sur les référentiels pour des indicateurs
sélectionnés et un type de bâtiment donné .12
Bibliographie .18
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ISO 21678:2020(F)

Avant-propos
L’ISO (Organisation internationale de normalisation) est une fédération mondiale d’organismes
nationaux de normalisation (comités membres de l’ISO). L’élaboration des Normes internationales est
en général confiée aux comités techniques de l’ISO. Chaque comité membre intéressé par une étude
a le droit de faire partie du comité technique créé à cet effet. Les organisations internationales,
gouvernementales et non gouvernementales, en liaison avec l’ISO participent également aux travaux.
L’ISO collabore étroitement avec la Commission électrotechnique internationale (IEC) en ce qui
concerne la normalisation électrotechnique.
Les procédures utilisées pour élaborer le présent document et celles destinées à sa mise à jour sont
décrites dans les Directives ISO/IEC, Partie 1. Il convient, en particulier, de prendre note des différents
critères d’approbation requis pour les différents types de documents ISO. Le présent document a été
rédigé conformément aux règles de rédaction données dans les Directives ISO/IEC, Partie 2 (voir www
.iso .org/ directives).
L’attention est attirée sur le fait que certains des éléments du présent document peuvent faire l’objet de
droits de propriété intellectuelle ou de droits analogues. L’ISO ne saurait être tenue pour responsable
de ne pas avoir identifié de tels droits de propriété et averti de leur existence. Les détails concernant
les références aux droits de propriété intellectuelle ou autres droits analogues identifiés lors de
l’élaboration du document sont indiqués dans l’Introduction et/ou dans la liste des déclarations de
brevets reçues par l’ISO (voir www .iso .org/ brevets).
Les appellations commerciales éventuellement mentionnées dans le présent document sont données
pour information, par souci de commodité, à l’intention des utilisateurs et ne sauraient constituer un
engagement.
Pour une explication de la nature volontaire des normes, la signification des termes et expressions
spécifiques de l’ISO liés à l’évaluation de la conformité, ou pour toute information au sujet de l’adhésion
de l’ISO aux principes de l’Organisation mondiale du commerce (OMC) concernant les obstacles
techniques au commerce (OTC), voir le lien suivant: www .iso .org/ iso/ fr/ avant -propos .html.
Le présent document a été élaboré par le comité technique ISO/TC 59, Bâtiments et ouvrages de génie
civil, sous-comité SC 17, Développement durable dans les bâtiments et les ouvrages de génie civil.
Il convient que l’utilisateur adresse tout retour d’information ou toute question concernant le présent
document à l’organisme national de normalisation de son pays. Une liste exhaustive desdits organismes
se trouve à l’adresse www .iso .org/ fr/ members .html.
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ISO 21678:2020(F)

Introduction
Des exigences minimales, ainsi que des méthodes et exigences de calcul, ont été mises au point pour les
critères d’évaluation et les indicateurs de développement durable des bâtiments. Bien que les normes
internationales actuelles sur le développement durable dans les bâtiments et les ouvrages de génie
1)
civil aident à l’évaluation et à la comparaison des bâtiments et autres types d’ouvrages de construction,
il n’existe aucune information détaillée sur le processus d’évaluation. L’évaluation est généralement une
approche en deux étapes incluant le calcul et l’évaluation proprement dite. Pour assister le processus
d’évaluation, le présent document décrit l’utilisation de référentiels et indique les principes et exigences
pour leur élaboration.
Les projets de construction doivent souvent être modifiés pour réduire de manière significative
les impacts négatifs sur l’environnement, la société et l’économie. Cela implique des améliorations
importantes en termes de coopération et de communication, et l’utilisation d’outils de conception et
d’évaluation. Étant donné que la demande en matière de résultats d’évaluations de développement
durable des bâtiments et autres types d’ouvrages de construction continue d’augmenter, des référentiels
peuvent être utilisés pour des tâches telles que:
— la définition d’objectifs dès les premières étapes de conception (étapes de planification stratégique,
de préparation et de briefing) et pour les concours d’architecture;
— la définition d’objectifs pour les appels d’offres publics;
— l’évaluation des conceptions ou des bâtiments et ouvrages de génie civil pour faciliter la prise de
décision;
— la certification des bâtiments/autres types d’ouvrages de construction;
— la communication à des tierces parties des résultats d’évaluation (qui seront par exemple utilisés
pour le processus d’estimation ou pour faciliter les décisions de financement).
Bien que les indicateurs de développement durable soient couramment utilisés, les résultats d’évaluation
manquent souvent de transparence en ce qui concerne l’élaboration des niveaux de référence appliqués
[8]
et leur application .
Les sources possibles pour les référentiels dépendent du type de valeur. Dans le présent document, ces
référentiels sont décrits sous forme de: a) valeurs limites, b) valeurs de référence et c) valeurs cibles.
À l’heure actuelle, les principes concernant les référentiels ont souvent été élaborés en parallèle du
développement des systèmes d’évaluation. Par conséquent, les notations d’évaluation dépendent des
systèmes, règles de calcul et d’évaluation, bases de données et outils de calcul spécifiques concernés.
Les référentiels sont importants, car il est nécessaire de comprendre et d’expliquer le lien entre la valeur
économique du bien et les questions de développement durable afin de promouvoir la construction
durable. Des méthodes transparentes et des principes communs sont nécessaires pour élaborer des
référentiels. La bonne compréhension mutuelle des référentiels utilisés pour les bâtiments et ouvrages
de génie civil présente un intérêt pour une grande diversité de parties prenantes. Celles-ci comprennent:
— les décideurs politiques, les autorités locales et les autorités en matière de construction:
— pour surveiller et évaluer l’évolution du cadre bâti en termes d’indicateurs de développement
durable;
— pour définir des valeurs cibles et des valeurs limites réglementaires pour le cadre bâti;
— les propriétaires, les investisseurs et les gestionnaires de portefeuilles:
— pour comparer la performance des bâtiments/locaux/ouvrages de génie civil avec celle d’autres
bâtiments ou ouvrages de construction;
1) Série de normes élaborées par l’ISO/TC 59/SC 17.
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ISO 21678:2020(F)

— dans le cas de portefeuilles de biens internationaux, pour comparer et évaluer le potentiel des
nouvelles technologies dans différents pays;
— pour définir des objectifs;
— les concepteurs et les consultants:
— pour comparer la performance des solutions de conception;
— les spécialistes des estimations et les agents immobiliers:
— pour utiliser les référentiels pour la valorisation comparative;
— pour utiliser les référentiels dans la vente/le marketing;
— les banques et les compagnies d’assurance:
— pour utiliser les référentiels pour la valorisation et l’évaluation des risques financiers
(ISO 14097).
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NORME INTERNATIONALE ISO 21678:2020(F)
Développement durable dans les bâtiments et ouvrages
de génie civil — Indicateurs et référentiels — Principes,
exigences et lignes directrices
1 Domaine d’application
Le présent document définit les principes, exigences et lignes directrices pour l’élaboration et l’utilisation
de référentiels lors de l’évaluation de la performance économique, sociale et/ou environnementale des
bâtiments et ouvrages de génie civil à l’aide d’indicateurs de développement durable.
Il complète et facilite l’application de l’ISO 21929-1 et l’ISO/TS 21929-2 du fait qu’il crée des principes
et des exigences pour l’établissement de référentiels qui facilitent la définition d’objectifs, la prise
de décision et la communication à des tierces parties. Le présent document est également lié à
l’ISO 21931-1 et l’ISO 21931-2 du fait qu’il crée des principes, des exigences et des lignes directrices
pour l’établissement et l’utilisation de référentiels en relation avec la performance environnementale et
d’autres aspects du développement durable.
Le présent document décrit trois types de valeurs pour les référentiels (niveaux de performance à des
fins de comparaison):
— valeurs limites;
— valeurs de référence;
— valeurs cibles.
Le présent document ne définit pas de référentiels.
2 Références normatives
Les documents suivants sont cités dans le texte de sorte qu’ils constituent, pour tout ou partie de leur
contenu, des exigences du présent document. Pour les références datées, seule l’édition citée s’applique.
Pour les références non datées, la dernière édition du document de référence s’applique (y compris les
éventuels amendements).
ISO 6707-1, Bâtiments et ouvrages de génie civil — Vocabulaire — Partie 1: Termes généraux
ISO 21929-1, Développement durable dans la construction — Indicateurs de développement durable — Partie
1: Cadre pour le développement d'indicateurs et d'un ensemble d'indicateurs principaux pour le bâtiment
ISO/TS 21929-2, Développement durable dans la construction — Indicateurs de développement durable —
Partie 2: Cadre pour le développement d'indicateurs pour les ouvrages de génie civil
ISO 21931-1, Développement durable dans la construction — Cadre méthodologique de l'évaluation de la
performance environnementale des ouvrages de construction — Partie 1: Bâtiments
ISO 21931-2, Développement durable dans la construction — Cadre méthodologique de l'évaluation au sens
du développement durable des performances environnementales, sociales et économiques des ouvrages de
construction — Partie 2: Ouvrages de génie civil
ISO/TR 21932, Développement durable dans les bâtiments et les ouvrages de génie civil — Une revue de la
terminologie
ISO 15392, Développement durable dans les bâtiments et ouvrages de génie civil — Principes généraux
ISO 14050, Management environnemental — Vocabulaire
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3 Termes et définitions
Pour les besoins du présent document, les termes et définitions de l’ISO 6707-1, l’ISO 15392, l’ISO 14050,
l’ISO/TR 21932 ainsi que les suivants, s’appliquent.
L’ISO et l’IEC tiennent à jour des bases de données terminologiques destinées à être utilisées en
normalisation, consultables aux adresses suivantes:
— ISO Online browsing platform: disponible à l’adresse https:// www .iso .org/ obp;
— IEC Electropedia: disponible à l’adresse http:// www .electropedia .org/ .
3.1
analyse comparative des performances
processus consistant à recueillir, analyser et mettre en relation les données de performance (3.12) de
bâtiments ou autres types d’ouvrages de construction comparables
Note 1 à l'article: L’analyse comparative des performances est généralement utilisée pour évaluer et comparer la
performance d’un ou plusieurs objets considérés.
3.2
référentiel
point de référence par rapport auquel des comparaisons peuvent être faites
3.3
meilleure pratique
niveau représentant la meilleure performance (3.12) réelle disponible
Note 1 à l'article: Cette valeur évolue dans le temps.
3.4
équivalent fonctionnel
exigences fonctionnelles et/ou exigences techniques quantifiées pour un bâtiment ou d’autres types
d’ouvrages de construction, destinées à être utilisées comme base de référence pour la comparaison
[SOURCE: ISO 21931-1:2010, 3.7, modifiée — ajout d’une référence à « d’autres types d’ouvrages de
construction »]
3.5
fonctionnalité
applicabilité ou utilité à des fins ou activités spécifiques
[SOURCE: ISO 15686-10:2010, 3.13]
3.6
indicateur
mesure quantitative, qualitative ou descriptive
[SOURCE: ISO 15392:2019, 3.18]
3.7
cycle de vie
toutes les phases consécutives et liées de la vie de l’objet considéré
Note 1 à l'article: Pour la prise en compte des impacts et aspects environnementaux, le cycle de vie comprend
toutes les étapes depuis l’acquisition des matières premières ou la génération à partir des ressources naturelles
jusqu’à la fin de vie.
Note 2 à l'article: Adapté de la définition de cycle de vie dans l’ISO 14040:2006, 3.1.
[SOURCE: ISO 21930:2017, 3.3.1]
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3.8
valeur limite
niveau acceptable de performance (3.13), supérieur ou inférieur, sur une une échelle de performance
3.9
moyenne
valeur de la moyenne
valeur de référence (3.14) représentant la somme des valeurs divisée par le nombre de valeurs
3.10
valeur médiane
valeur de référence (3.14) séparant la moitié supérieure d’un échantillon de données de la moitié
inférieure
3.11
valeur modale
valeur type
valeur de référence (3.14) représentant la valeur la plus fréquente d’un échantillon de données
3.12
performance
aptitude à remplir les fonctions requises dans les conditions prévues d’utilisation
[SOURCE: ISO 6707-1:2017, 3.7.1.1]
3.13
niveau de performance
valeur indiquant la performance (3.12) relative requise (ou fournie) pour un attribut particulier sur une
échelle relative allant de la plus faible (performance) à la plus forte (performance)
Note 1 à l'article: Pour certains attributs, tels que l’adaptabilité, le niveau peut être exprimé à l’aide de critères,
par exemple « niveau A » atteint lorsque 80 % des critères sont remplis ou « niveau B » atteint lorsque seulement
60 % des critères sont remplis.
Note 2 à l'article: Adapté de la définition de niveau de performance donnée dans l’ISO 15686-10:2010, 3.16.
3.14
valeur de référence
niveau de performance (3.13) sur une une échelle de performance qui représente l’état de l’art ou la
meilleure pratique
Note 1 à l'article: Une valeur de référence est soumise à des variations temporelles.
3.15
partie prenante
individu ou groupe ayant un intérêt dans les décisions ou activités d’une organisation (Directives ISO/
IEC, Partie 1)
[SOURCE: ISO 26000:2010, 2.20]
3.16
indicateur de développement durable
indicateur (3.6) relatif à des impacts économiques, environnementaux ou sociaux
[SOURCE: ISO 21929-1:2011, 3.33]
3.17
valeur cible
niveau de performance (3.13) sur une une échelle de performance qui représente un objectif qui va au-
delà de la valeur de référence (3.14)
Note 1 à l'article: Les valeurs cibles peuvent suivre une approche du haut vers le bas ou du bas vers le haut.
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Note 2 à l'article: Une valeur cible est le résultat du processus de définition d’un objectif.
Note 3 à l'article: Une subdivision en valeurs cibles à court terme, à moyen terme et à long terme est possible.
4 Cadre pour l’établissement de référentiels
4.1 Généralités
Les paramètres de performance qui concernent la contribution au développement durable sont souvent
associés à des indicateurs. Il convient que ces indicateurs soient objectifs, vérifiables et reproductibles,
et, dans la mesure du possible, liés à des référentiels, des niveaux de référence ou des échelles de valeurs
de l’indicateur prédéterminés (voir l’EN 15978).
Bien que des indicateurs de développement durable similaires soient utilisés au niveau mondial, les
référentiels de bâtiments ou autres types d’ouvrages de construction exprimés à l’aide de ces indicateurs
varient en fonction du contexte local (c’est-à-dire climat et différences nationales ou régionales dans les
méthodes de construction), du type de bâtiment/d’ouvrage de construction et de la fonctionnalité.
Il est possible d’élaborer des référentiels pour différents indicateurs de développement durable.
Des indicateurs appropriés d’évaluation de la performance de développement durable couvrant les
aspects environnementaux, économiques et sociaux doivent être sélectionnés en accord avec les
exigences et lignes directrices données dans l’ISO 21929-1 et l’ISO/TS 21929-2.
NOTE 1 L’ISO 21929 (toutes les parties) donne des lignes directrices pour la formulation d’indicateurs
de développement durable à l’aide desquels les aspects du développement durable peuvent être exprimés
quantitativement ou décrits comparativement en utilisant des niveaux de performance.
NOTE 2 En plus de l’ensemble d’indicateurs principaux de développement durable définis dans l’ISO 21929
(toutes les parties), l’utilisation d’autres indicateurs de développement durable peut être pertinente dans le
contexte local lors de l’évaluation ou de la définition d’objectifs pour la contribution d’un ouvrage de construction
au développement durable.
Les indicateurs de développement durable qui sont associés à des caractéristiques et à des méthodes
de calcul ou de mesure spécifiques doivent être considérés en utilisant des unités appropriées. La
comparaison des bâtiments ou autres types d’ouvrages de construction à l’aide de référentiels peut être
exprimée en utilisant une unité de référence. Une unité de référence est nécessaire en cas d’analyse
comparative des performances en termes d’utilisation de matériaux ou de ressources énergétiques,
2)
d’émissions dans l’air, le sol et/ou l’eau, ou de coûts . Différentes approches peuvent être nécessaires
pour l’établissement de référentiels pour différents types d’indicateurs de développement durable.
L’élaboration de référentiels nécessite, dans des cas spécifiques, la production d’informations sur la
performance d’un nombre significatif de bâtiments ou autres types d’ouvrages de construction pour
le(s) indicateur(s) choisi(s).
Il est possible d’élaborer des référentiels destinés à être utilisés à l’étape de conception et/ou
d’exploitation. Pour certains indicateurs de développement durable, les informations au niveau du
bâtiment/de l’ouvrage de génie civil peuvent soit être calculées sur la base de la conception, soit être
mesurées. Pour d’autres indicateurs, tels que le potentiel de réchauffement climatique d’un bâtiment
ou autre type d’ouvrage de construction et d’autres indicateurs d’émissions basés sur le cycle de vie, la
valeur peut seulement être calculée.
2) Par exemple, les émissions/l’utilisation de ressources/le coût des bâtiments peuvent être exprimés en fonction
de la surface du bâtiment, du volume du bâtiment, des heures d’exploitation ou du nombre d’utilisateurs.
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Les valeurs de performance sont étroitement liées aux méthodes de calcul (évaluation ou simulation)
et/ou aux méthodes de mesure.
NOTE 3 Le calcul des gaz à effet de serre et autres indicateurs d’émissions basés sur le cycle de vie pour
les bâtiments ou autres types d’ouvrages de construction nécessite des informations sur les quantités de
matériaux et de combustibles nécessaires tout au long du cycle de vie du bâtiment. Des informations sur les
impacts environnementaux des matériaux et des combustibles sont également nécessaires pour ce calcul. Par
conséquent, les valeurs de performance pour ces indicateurs sont étroitement liées à la qualité des données
environnementales disponibles sur les matériaux et les combustibles.
4.2 Types de référentiels
4.2.1 Valeurs limites
Les valeurs limites sont, dans la plupart des cas, fixées par des réglementations ou définies dans des
normes nationales. Ces dernières définissent les exigences minimales relatives aux valeurs supérieures
ou inférieures pour différents aspects de performance.
Les valeurs limites peuvent être des valeurs de percentile ou être basées sur le calcul d’un optimum
économique et/ou technique, sur la faisabilité économique et technique, ou sur une combinaison de ces
éléments. Elles doivent être basées sur une évaluation complète qui couvre les méthodes d’évaluation,
les résultats d’évaluation et l’évaluation de la pertinence locale des résultats.
La mise en œuvre efficace des valeurs minimales ou maximales légales/réglementaires exige que ces
valeurs reposent sur la connaissance de:
— la performance actuelle des bâtiments ou ouvrages de génie civil existants ou neufs appartenant au
même type de bâtiment/d’ouvrage de génie civil que l’objet considéré;
— la faisabilité technique, économique, environnementale et sociale de la valeur limite.
Les valeurs limites supérieure et inférieure pour les bâtiments et autres types d’ouvrages de construction
doivent être basées sur des informations fiables et transparentes sur la performance actuelle et la
faisabilité de ces valeurs. Les informations minimales nécessaires pour l’élaboration de valeurs limites
doivent être des informations statistiques pertinentes au niveau local, d’autres informations recueillies
ou des informations évaluées/calculées. Au cours de l’établissement des valeurs limites, la source des
bases de données, méthodes et outils nécessaires à la conception, la construction et l’exploitation des
bâtiments ou autres types d’ouvrages de construction, par les personnes qui sont responsables du
respect de ces valeurs limites, doit être fournie ou identifiée.
4.2.2 Valeurs de référence
Les valeurs de référence sont souvent le résultat d’une collaboration nationale ou internationale des
différentes parties prenantes (telles que les propriétaires, investisseurs, concepteurs, entrepreneurs,
autorités en matière de construction et chercheurs).
Les valeurs de référence peuvent être basées sur:
— des informations statistiques pertinentes au niveau local concernant la performance du type de
bâtiment ou d’un autre type d’ouvrage de construction;
— des études locales basées sur des échantillons représentatifs de la performance du type de bâtiment
ou d’un autre type d’ouvrage de construction;
— une évaluation théorique d’un type de bâtiment ou d’un autre type d’ouvrage de construction (par
exemple un bâtiment de référence);
— des projets de démonstration.
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Une valeur de référence peut aussi être identique à une valeur limite. Par exemple, si un nouveau
bâtiment ou autre type d’ouvrage de construction doit satisfaire à une exigence légale minimale/
maximale ou à une norme nationale, il s’agit également d’une valeur de référence.
Les valeurs de référence peuvent représenter:
— des valeurs moyennes, médianes ou modales;
— des valeurs de percentile spécifiques;
— un optimum technique et/ou économique ou la faisabilité.
La meilleure pratique indique le meilleur niveau de performance local des bâtiments ou autres types
d’ouvrages de construction par rapport à différents indicateurs de développement durable. L’élaboration
de référentiels à l’aide d’une approche de meilleure pratique doit reposer sur une compréhension
adéquate et sur la connaissance des conditions préalables techniques et économiques permettant de
les obtenir. Lorsque des informations sur les valeurs de référence basées sur la meilleure pratique sont
disponibles, la faisabilité technique et économique et la pertinence locale des valeurs doivent également
être indiquées.
L’élaboration de valeurs de référence basées sur des optima économiques ou techniques doit être fondée
sur une évaluation complète. Les informations sur les optima doivent couvrir les méthodes d’évaluation,
les résultats d’évaluation et l’évaluation de la pertinence locale des résultats.
3)
Les valeurs de référence peuvent être consignées à l’aide d’étapes . L’échelle doit être basée sur une
bonne compréhension, reposant sur des statistiques, des calculs ou des études spécifiques et adéquates
sur la performance des bâtiments ou ouvrages de génie civil étudiés.
4.2.3 Valeurs cibles
Les valeurs cibles sont fixées par les décideurs politiques, l’industrie, les investisseurs, les propriétaires
ou autres personnes qui définissent des objectifs pour différents aspects de performance. Les valeurs
cibles peuvent être élaborées selon une approche du haut vers le bas ou du bas vers le haut. Dans le cadre
d’une approche du
...

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