IEC 60099-5:2013
(Main)Surge arresters - Part 5: Selection and application recommendations
Surge arresters - Part 5: Selection and application recommendations
IEC 60099-5:2013 is not a mandatory standard but provides information, guidance, and recommendations for the selection and application of surge arresters to be used in three-phase systems with nominal voltages above 1 kV. It applies to gapless metal-oxide surge arresters as defined in IEC 60099-4, to surge arresters containing both series and parallel gapped structure - rated 52 kV and less as defined in IEC 60099-6 and metal-oxide surge arresters with external series gap for overhead transmission and distribution lines (EGLA) as defined in IEC 60099-8. In Annex H, some aspects regarding the old type of SiC gapped arresters are discussed. This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 1996 and its amendment 1 published in 1999. This edition constitutes a technical revision. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous edition:
- Expanded discussion of different types of arresters and their application, including additions of discussion on transmission of line arresters, arresters for shunt capacitor switching arresters for series capacitor protection, application of arresters between phases connecting arresters in parallel;
- Addition of section on asset management, including: managing surge arresters in the power grid, arrester maintenance, significantly expanded discussion of performance diagnostic tools, end-of-life considerations;
- New annexes dealing with: arrester modelling for system studies, example of data needed for specifying arresters. Key words: selection and application of surge arrestors, nominal voltages above 1 kV
Parafoudres - Partie 5: Recommandations pour le choix et l'utilisation
IEC 60099-5:2013 n’est pas une norme obligatoire, mais comporte des informations, un guide et autres recommandations pour le choix et l'utilisation des parafoudres à utiliser sur des réseaux triphasés de tensions nominales supérieures à 1 kV. Elle concerne les parafoudres à oxyde métallique sans éclateur définis dans l’IEC 60099-4, les parafoudres contenant des structures avec éclateur en série et en parallèle – de tension assignée inférieure ou égale à 52 kV tels que définis dans l’IEC 60099-6 et les parafoudres à oxyde métallique à éclateur extérieur en série pour les lignes aériennes de transmission ou de distribution (EGLA) tels que définis dans l’IEC 60099-8. L’Annexe H traite de quelques aspects concernant les anciens parafoudres au carbure de silicium (SiC) avec éclateur. Cette deuxième édition annule et remplace la première édition parue en 1996, et son amendement 1 paru en 1999. Cette édition constitue une révision technique. Cette édition inclut les modifications techniques majeures suivantes par rapport à l'édition précédente:
-Présentation élargie des différents types de parafoudres et de leur utilisation, y compris des éléments de présentation supplémentaires concernant: la transmission des parafoudres de ligne, les parafoudres pour manœuvre de condensateurs dérivés, les parafoudres pour la protection des condensateurs série, l’utilisation de parafoudres entre phases, la connexion de parafoudres en parallèle;
-Ajout d’une section relative à la gestion des biens, y compris: la gestion des parafoudres dans un réseau électrique, la maintenance des parafoudres, une présentation très élargie des outils de diagnostic des performances, les considérations relatives à la fin de vie;
- Nouvelles annexes portant sur: la modélisation des parafoudres pour les études de réseau, un exemple de données nécessaires pour la spécification des parafoudres.
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Surge arresters –
Part 5: Selection and application recommendations
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– 2 – 60099-5 © IEC:2013(E)
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 6
1 Scope . 8
2 Normative references . 8
3 Terms and definitions . 9
4 General principles for the application of surge arresters . 18
5 Surge arrester fundamentals and applications issues . 19
5.1 Evolution of surge protection equipment . 19
5.2 Different types and designs and their electrical and mechanical
characteristics . 20
5.2.1 General . 20
5.2.2 Metal-oxide arresters without gaps according to IEC 60099-4 . 20
5.2.3 Metal-oxide surge arresters with internal series gaps according to
IEC 60099-6 . 30
5.2.4 Externally gapped line arresters (EGLA) according to IEC 60099-
8:2011 . 32
5.3 Installation considerations for arresters . 35
5.3.1 High-voltage station arresters . 35
5.3.2 Distribution arresters . 43
5.3.3 Line surge arresters (LSA) . 46
6 Insulation coordination and surge arrester applications . 47
6.1 General . 47
6.2 Insulation coordination overview . 48
6.2.1 General . 48
6.2.2 IEC insulation coordination procedure . 48
6.2.3 Overvoltages . 48
6.2.4 Line insulation coordination: Arrester Application Practices . 53
6.2.5 Substation insulation coordination: Arrester application practices . 58
6.2.6 Insulation coordination studies . 62
6.3 Selection of arresters . 63
6.3.1 General . 63
6.3.2 General procedure for the selection of surge arresters . 65
6.3.3 Selection of line surge arresters, LSA . 75
6.3.4 Selection of arresters for cable protection . 84
6.3.5 Selection of arresters for distribution systems – special attention . 86
6.3.6 Selection of UHV arresters . 88
6.4 Normal and abnormal service conditions . 89
6.4.1 Normal service condition . 89
6.4.2 Abnormal service conditions . 89
7 Surge arresters for special applications . 92
7.1 Surge arresters for transformer neutrals . 92
7.1.1 General . 92
7.1.2 Surge arresters for fully insulated transformer neutrals . 92
7.1.3 Surge arresters for neutrals of transformers with non-uniform
insulation . 93
7.2 Surge arresters between phases . 93
7.3 Surge arresters for rotating machines . 94
7.4 Surge arresters in parallel . 95
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60099-5 © IEC:2013(E) – 3 –
7.4.1 General . 95
7.4.2 Combining different designs of arresters . 96
7.5 Surge arresters for capacitor switching . 96
7.6 Surge arresters for series capacitor banks . 98
8 Asset management of surge arresters . 98
8.1 General . 98
8.2 Managing surge arresters in a power grid . 98
8.2.1 Asset database . 98
8.2.2 Technical specifications . 98
8.2.3 Strategic spares . 99
8.2.4 Transportation and storage . 99
8.2.5 Commissioning . 99
8.3 Maintenance . 99
8.3.1 General . 99
8.3.2 Polluted arrester housing . 100
8.3.3 Coating of arrester housings . 100
8.3.4 Inspection of disconnectors on surge arresters . 101
8.3.5 Line surge arresters . 101
8.4 Performance and diagnostic tools . 101
8.5 End of life . 101
8.5.1 General . 101
8.5.2 GIS arresters . 101
8.6 Disposal and recycling . 102
Annex A (informative) Determination of temporary overvoltages due to earth faults . 103
Annex B (informative) Current practice . 107
Annex C (informative) Arrester modelling techniques for studies involving insulation
coordination and energy requirements . 108
Annex D (informative) Diagnostic indicators of metal-oxide surge arresters in service . 111
Annex E (informative) Typical data needed from arrester manufacturers for proper
selection of surge arresters . 125
Annex F (informative) Typical maximum residual voltages for metal-oxide arresters
without gaps according to IEC 60099-4 . 126
Annex G (informative) Steepness reduction of incoming surge with additional line
terminal surge capacitance . 127
Annex H (informative) End of life and replacement of old gapped SiC-arresters . 136
Bibliography . 141
Figure 1 – GIS arresters of three mechanical/one electrical column (middle) and one
column (left) design and current path of the three mechanical/one electrical column
design (right) . 25
Figure 2 – Typical deadfront arrester . 26
Figure 3 – Internally gapped metal-oxide surge arrester designs . 30
Figure 4 – Components of an EGLA acc. to IEC 60099-8 . 32
Figure 5 – Examples of UHV and HV arresters with grading and corona rings . 36
Figure 6 – Same type of arrester mounted on a pedestal (left), suspended from an
earthed steel structure (middle) or suspended from a line conductor (right . 37
Figure 7 – Typical arrangement of a 420-kV arrester. 39
Figure 8 – Installations without earth-mat (distribution systems) . 40
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– 4 – 60099-5 © IEC:2013(E)
Figure 9 – Installations with earth-mat (high-voltage substations) . 40
Figure 10 – Definition of mechanical loads according to IEC 60099-4 . 42
Figure 11 – Distribution arrester with disconnector and insulating bracket. 44
Figure 12 – Examples of good and poor earthing principles for distribution arresters . 45
Figure 13 – Typical voltages and duration example for an efficiently earthed system . 49
Figure 14 – Typical phase-to-earth overvoltages encountered in power systems . 50
Figure 15 – Arrester Voltage-Current Characteristics . 51
Figure 16 – Direct strike to a phase conductor with LSA . 55
Figure 17 – Strike to a shield wire or tower with LSA . 56
Figure 18 – Typical procedure for a surge arrester insulation coordination study . 64
Figure 19 – Flow diagrams for standard selection of surge arrester . 67
Figure 20 – Examples of arrester TOV capability . 68
Figure 21 – Flow diagram for the selection of NGLA . 77
Figure 22 – Flow diagram for the selection of EGLA . 81
Figure 23 – Common neutral configurations . 87
Figure 24 – Typical configurations for arresters connected phase-to-phase and phase-
to-ground . 94
Figure A.1 – Earth fault factor k on a base of X /X , for R /X = R = 0 . 104
0 1 1 1 1
Figure A.2 – Relationship between R /X and X /X for constant values of earth fault
0 1 0 1
factor k where R = 0 . 104
1
Figure A.3 – Relationship between R /X and X /X for constant values of earth fault
0 1 0 1
factor k where R = 0,5 X . 105
1 1
Figure A.4 – Relationship between R /X and X /X for constant values of earth fault
0 1 0 1
factor k where R = X . 105
1 1
Figure A.5 – Relationship between R /X and X /X for constant values of earth fault
0 1 0 1
factor k where R = 2X . 106
1 1
Figure C.1 – Schematic sketch of a typical arrester installation . 108
Figure C.2 – Increase in residual voltage as function of virtual current front time . 109
Figure C.3 – Arrester model for insulation coordination studies – fast- front
overvoltages and preliminary calculation (Option 1) . 110
Figure C.4 – Arrester model for insulation coordination studies – fast- front
overvoltages and preliminary calculation (Option 2) . 110
Figure C.5 – Arrester model for insulation coordination studies – slow-front
overvoltages. . 110
Figure D.1 – Typical leakage current of a non-linear metal-oxide resistor in laboratory
conditions . 113
Figure D.2 – Typical leakage currents of arresters in service conditions . 114
Figure D.3 – Typical voltage-current characteristics for non-linear metal-oxide
resistors . 115
Figure D.4 – Typical normalized voltage dependence at +20 °C . 115
Figure D.5 – Typical normalized temperature dependence at U . 116
c
Figure D.6 – Influence on total leakage current by increase in resistive leakage current . 117
Figure D.7 – Measured voltage and leakage current and calculated resistive and
capacitive currents (V = 6,3 kV r.m.s) . 119
Figure D.8 – Remaining current after compensation by capacitive current at Uc . 120
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60099-5 © IEC:2013(E) – 5 –
Figure D.9 − Error in the evaluation of the leakage current third harmonic for different
phase angles of system voltage third harmonic, considering various capacitances and
voltage-current characteristics of non-linear metal-oxide resistors . 121
Figure D.10 − Typical information for conversion to "standard" operating voltage
conditions . 123
Figure D.11 − Typical information for conversion to "standard" ambient temperature
conditions . 123
Figure G.1 − Surge voltage waveforms at various distances from strike location
(0,0 km) due to corona . 128
Figure G.2 – Case 1: EMTP Model: Thevenin equivalent source, line (Z,c) & station
bus (Z,c) & Cap(C ) . 131
s
Figure G.3 – Case 2: Capacitor Voltage charge via line Z: u(t) = 2×U × (1 − exp[-
s
t/(Z×C]) . 132
Figure G.4 – EMTP model . 133
Figure G.5 − Simulated surge voltages at the line-station bus interface. 133
Figure G.6 − Simulated Surge Voltages at the Transformer . 134
Figure G.7 – EMTP Model . 134
Figure G.8 – Simulated surge voltages at the line-station bus interface . 135
Figure G.9 − Simulated surge voltages at the transformer . 135
Figure H.1 – Internal SiC-arrester stack . 137
Table 1 – Minimum mechanical requirements (for porcelain-housed arresters) . 42
Table 2 – Arrester classification for surge arresters . 69
Table 3 – Definition of factor A in formulas (15) to (17) for various overhead lines . 74
Table 4 – Examples for protective zones calculated by formula (10) for open-air
substations . 74
Table 5 – Example of the condition for calculating lightning current duty of EGLA in
77 kV transmission lines . 83
Table 6 – Probability of insulator flashover in Formula (19) . 84
Table D.1 – Summary of diagnostic methods . 124
Table D.2 – Properties of on-site leakage current measurement methods . 124
Table E.1 – Arrester data needed for the selection of surge arresters . 125
Table F.1 – Residual voltages for 20 000 A and 10 000 A arresters in per unit of rated
voltage . 126
Table F.2 – Residual voltages for 5 000 A, 2 500 A and 1 500 A arresters in per unit of
rated voltage . 126
Table G.1 − C impact on steepness ratio f and steepness S . 130
s s n
Table G.2 − Change in coordination withstand voltage, U , . 130
cw
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– 6 – 60099-5 © IEC:2013(E)
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
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SURGE ARRESTERS –
Part 5: Selection and application recommendations
FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
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International Standard IEC 60099-5 has been prepared by committee 37: Surge arresters.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 1996 and its
amendment 1 published in 1999. This edition constitutes a technical revision.
This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to the previous
edition:
a) Expanded discussion of different types of arresters and their application, including
additions of discussion on:
– transmission of line arresters
– arresters for shunt capacitor switching
– arresters for series capacitor protection
– application of arresters between phases
– connecting arresters in parallel
b) Addition of section on asset management, including:
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60099-5 © IEC:2013(E) – 7 –
– managing surge arresters in the power grid
– arrester maintenance
– significantly expanded discussion of performance diagnostic tools
– end-of-life considerations
c) New annexes dealing with:
– arrester modelling for system studies
– example of data needed for specifying arresters
The text of this standard is based on the following documents:
FDIS Report on voting
37/405/FDIS 37/408/RVD
Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on
voting indicated in the above table.
This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until
the stability date indicated on the IEC web site under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data
related to the specific publication. At this date, the publication will be
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• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
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A bilingual version of this publication may be issued at a later date.
IMPORTANT – The 'colour inside' logo on the cover page of this publication indicates
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understanding of its contents. Users should therefore print this document using a
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– 8 – 60099-5 © IEC:2013(E)
SURGE ARRESTERS –
Part 5: Selection and application recommendations
1 Scope
This part of IEC 60099 is not a mandatory standard but provides information, guidance, and
recommendations for the selection and application of surge arresters to be used in three-
phase systems with nominal voltages above 1 kV. It applies to gapless metal-oxide surge
arresters as defined in IEC 60099-4, to surge arresters containing both series and parallel
gapped structure – rated 52 kV and less as defined in IEC 60099-6 and metal-oxide surge
arresters with external series gap for overhead transmission and distribution lines (EGLA) as
defined in IEC 60099-8. In Annex H, some aspects regarding the old type of SiC gapped
arresters are discussed.
The principle of insulation coordination for an electricity system is given in IEC 60071 and
IEC 60071-2 standards. Basically the insulation coordination process is a risk management
aiming to ensure the safe, reliable and economic design and operation of high voltage
electricity networks and substations. The use of surge arrester helps to achieve a system and
equipment insulation level and still maintaining an acceptable risk and the best economic of
...
IEC 60099-5
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Edition 2.0 2013-05
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
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INTERNATIONALE
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Surge arresters –
Part 5: Selection and application recommendations
Parafoudres –
Partie 5: Recommandations pour le choix et l'utilisation
IEC 60099-5:2013-05(en-fr)
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IEC 60099-5
®
Edition 2.0 2013-05
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
colour
inside
Surge arresters –
Part 5: Selection and application recommendations
Parafoudres –
Partie 5: Recommandations pour le choix et l'utilisation
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
INTERNATIONALE
ICS 29.120.50; 29.240.10 ISBN 978-2-8322-4488-3
Warning! Make sure that you obtained this publication from an authorized distributor.
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® Registered trademark of the International Electrotechnical Commission
Marque déposée de la Commission Electrotechnique Internationale
---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
– 2 – IEC 60099-5:2013 © IEC 2013
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 6
1 Scope . 8
2 Normative references . 8
3 Terms and definitions . 9
4 General principles for the application of surge arresters . 18
5 Surge arrester fundamentals and applications issues . 19
5.1 Evolution of surge protection equipment . 19
5.2 Different types and designs and their electrical and mechanical
characteristics . 20
5.2.1 General . 20
5.2.2 Metal-oxide arresters without gaps according to IEC 60099-4 . 20
5.2.3 Metal-oxide surge arresters with internal series gaps according to
IEC 60099-6 . 30
5.2.4 Externally gapped line arresters (EGLA) according to IEC 60099-
8:2011 . 32
5.3 Installation considerations for arresters . 35
5.3.1 High-voltage station arresters . 35
5.3.2 Distribution arresters . 43
5.3.3 Line surge arresters (LSA) . 46
6 Insulation coordination and surge arrester applications . 47
6.1 General . 47
6.2 Insulation coordination overview . 47
6.2.1 General . 47
6.2.2 IEC insulation coordination procedure . 48
6.2.3 Overvoltages . 48
6.2.4 Line insulation coordination: Arrester Application Practices . 53
6.2.5 Substation insulation coordination: Arrester application practices . 58
6.2.6 Insulation coordination studies . 62
6.3 Selection of arresters . 63
6.3.1 General . 63
6.3.2 General procedure for the selection of surge arresters . 65
6.3.3 Selection of line surge arresters, LSA . 75
6.3.4 Selection of arresters for cable protection . 84
6.3.5 Selection of arresters for distribution systems – special attention . 86
6.3.6 Selection of UHV arresters . 88
6.4 Normal and abnormal service conditions . 89
6.4.1 Normal service condition . 89
6.4.2 Abnormal service conditions . 89
7 Surge arresters for special applications . 92
7.1 Surge arresters for transformer neutrals . 92
7.1.1 General . 92
7.1.2 Surge arresters for fully insulated transformer neutrals . 92
7.1.3 Surge arresters for neutrals of transformers with non-uniform
insulation . 93
7.2 Surge arresters between phases . 93
7.3 Surge arresters for rotating machines . 94
7.4 Surge arresters in parallel . 95
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IEC 60099-5:2013 © IEC 2013 – 3 –
7.4.1 General . 95
7.4.2 Combining different designs of arresters . 96
7.5 Surge arresters for capacitor switching . 96
7.6 Surge arresters for series capacitor banks . 98
8 Asset management of surge arresters . 98
8.1 General . 98
8.2 Managing surge arresters in a power grid . 98
8.2.1 Asset database . 98
8.2.2 Technical specifications . 98
8.2.3 Strategic spares . 99
8.2.4 Transportation and storage . 99
8.2.5 Commissioning . 99
8.3 Maintenance . 99
8.3.1 General . 99
8.3.2 Polluted arrester housing . 100
8.3.3 Coating of arrester housings . 100
8.3.4 Inspection of disconnectors on surge arresters . 101
8.3.5 Line surge arresters . 101
8.4 Performance and diagnostic tools . 101
8.5 End of life . 101
8.5.1 General . 101
8.5.2 GIS arresters . 101
8.6 Disposal and recycling . 102
Annex A (informative) Determination of temporary overvoltages due to earth faults . 103
Annex B (informative) Current practice . 107
Annex C (informative) Arrester modelling techniques for studies involving insulation
coordination and energy requirements . 108
Annex D (informative) Diagnostic indicators of metal-oxide surge arresters in service . 111
Annex E (informative) Typical data needed from arrester manufacturers for proper
selection of surge arresters . 125
Annex F (informative) Typical maximum residual voltages for metal-oxide arresters
without gaps according to IEC 60099-4 . 126
Annex G (informative) Steepness reduction of incoming surge with additional line
terminal surge capacitance . 127
Annex H (informative) End of life and replacement of old gapped SiC-arresters . 136
Bibliography . 141
Figure 1 – GIS arresters of three mechanical/one electrical column (middle) and one
column (left) design and current path of the three mechanical/one electrical column
design (right) . 25
Figure 2 – Typical deadfront arrester . 26
Figure 3 – Internally gapped metal-oxide surge arrester designs . 30
Figure 4 – Components of an EGLA acc. to IEC 60099-8 . 32
Figure 5 – Examples of UHV and HV arresters with grading and corona rings . 36
Figure 6 – Same type of arrester mounted on a pedestal (left), suspended from an
earthed steel structure (middle) or suspended from a line conductor (right . 37
Figure 7 – Typical arrangement of a 420-kV arrester. 39
Figure 8 – Installations without earth-mat (distribution systems) . 40
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Figure 9 – Installations with earth-mat (high-voltage substations) . 40
Figure 10 – Definition of mechanical loads according to IEC 60099-4 . 42
Figure 11 – Distribution arrester with disconnector and insulating bracket. 44
Figure 12 – Examples of good and poor earthing principles for distribution arresters . 45
Figure 13 – Typical voltages and duration example for an efficiently earthed system . 49
Figure 14 – Typical phase-to-earth overvoltages encountered in power systems . 50
Figure 15 – Arrester Voltage-Current Characteristics . 51
Figure 16 – Direct strike to a phase conductor with LSA . 55
Figure 17 – Strike to a shield wire or tower with LSA . 56
Figure 18 – Typical procedure for a surge arrester insulation coordination study . 64
Figure 19 – Flow diagrams for standard selection of surge arrester . 67
Figure 20 – Examples of arrester TOV capability . 68
Figure 21 – Flow diagram for the selection of NGLA . 77
Figure 22 – Flow diagram for the selection of EGLA . 81
Figure 23 – Common neutral configurations . 87
Figure 24 – Typical configurations for arresters connected phase-to-phase and phase-
to-ground . 94
Figure A.1 – Earth fault factor k on a base of X /X , for R /X = R = 0 . 104
0 1 1 1 1
Figure A.2 – Relationship between R /X and X /X for constant values of earth fault
0 1 0 1
factor k where R = 0 . 104
1
Figure A.3 – Relationship between R /X and X /X for constant values of earth fault
0 1 0 1
factor k where R = 0,5 X . 105
1 1
Figure A.4 – Relationship between R /X and X /X for constant values of earth fault
0 1 0 1
factor k where R = X . 105
1 1
Figure A.5 – Relationship between R /X and X /X for constant values of earth fault
0 1 0 1
factor k where R = 2X . 106
1 1
Figure C.1 – Schematic sketch of a typical arrester installation . 108
Figure C.2 – Increase in residual voltage as function of virtual current front time . 109
Figure C.3 – Arrester model for insulation coordination studies – fast- front
overvoltages and preliminary calculation (Option 1) . 110
Figure C.4 – Arrester model for insulation coordination studies – fast- front
overvoltages and preliminary calculation (Option 2) . 110
Figure C.5 – Arrester model for insulation coordination studies – slow-front
overvoltages . 110
Figure D.1 – Typical leakage current of a non-linear metal-oxide resistor in laboratory
conditions . 113
Figure D.2 – Typical leakage currents of arresters in service conditions . 114
Figure D.3 – Typical voltage-current characteristics for non-linear metal-oxide
resistors . 115
Figure D.4 – Typical normalized voltage dependence at +20 °C . 115
Figure D.5 – Typical normalized temperature dependence at U . 116
c
Figure D.6 – Influence on total leakage current by increase in resistive leakage current . 117
Figure D.7 – Measured voltage and leakage current and calculated resistive and
capacitive currents (V = 6,3 kV r.m.s) . 119
Figure D.8 – Remaining current after compensation by capacitive current at U . 120
c
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IEC 60099-5:2013 © IEC 2013 – 5 –
Figure D.9 – Error in the evaluation of the leakage current third harmonic for different
phase angles of system voltage third harmonic, considering various capacitances and
voltage-current characteristics of non-linear metal-oxide resistors . 121
Figure D.10 – Typical information for conversion to "standard" operating voltage
conditions . 123
Figure D.11 – Typical information for conversion to "standard" ambient temperature
conditions . 123
Figure G.1 – Surge voltage waveforms at various distances from strike location
(0,0 km) due to corona . 128
Figure G.2 – Case 1: EMTP Model: Thevenin equivalent source, line (Z,c) & station
bus (Z,c) & Cap(C ) . 131
s
Figure G.3 – Case 2: Capacitor Voltage charge via line Z: u(t) = 2×U × (1 – exp[-
s
t/(Z×C]) . 132
Figure G.4 – EMTP model . 133
Figure G.5 – Simulated surge voltages at the line-station bus interface . 133
Figure G.6 – Simulated Surge Voltages at the Transformer . 134
Figure G.7 – EMTP Model . 134
Figure G.8 – Simulated surge voltages at the line-station bus interface . 135
Figure G.9 – Simulated surge voltages at the transformer . 135
Figure H.1 – Internal SiC-arrester stack . 137
Table 1 – Minimum mechanical requirements (for porcelain-housed arresters) . 42
Table 2 – Arrester classification for surge arresters . 69
Table 3 – Definition of factor A in formulas (15) to (17) for various overhead lines . 74
Table 4 – Examples for protective zones calculated by formula (10) for open-air
substations . 74
Table 5 – Example of the condition for calculating lightning current duty of EGLA in
77 kV transmission lines . 83
Table 6 – Probability of insulator flashover in Formula (19) . 84
Table D.1 – Summary of diagnostic methods . 124
Table D.2 – Properties of on-site leakage current measurement methods . 124
Table E.1 – Arrester data needed for the selection of surge arresters . 125
Table F.1 – Residual voltages for 20 000 A and 10 000 A arresters in per unit of rated
voltage . 126
Table F.2 – Residual voltages for 5 000 A, 2 500 A and 1 500 A arresters in per unit of
rated voltage . 126
Table G.1 – C impact on steepness ratio f and steepness S . 130
s s n
Table G.2 – Change in coordination withstand voltage, U , . 130
cw
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INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
SURGE ARRESTERS –
Part 5: Selection and application recommendations
FOREWORD
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