GIG - Geographic information

This document specifies a conceptual schema for locations relative to a one-dimensional object as
measurement along (and optionally offset from) that object. It defines a description of the data and
operations required to use and support linear referencing.
This document is applicable to transportation, utilities, environmental protection, location-based
services and other applications which define locations relative to linear objects. For ease of reading,
most examples discussed in this document come from the transportation domain.

The Geography Markup Language (GML) is an XML encoding in accordance with ISO 19118 for the transport and storage of geographic information modelled in accordance with the conceptual modelling framework used in the ISO 19100 series of International Standards and including both the spatial and non-spatial properties of geographic features.
This document defines the XML Schema syntax, mechanisms and conventions that:
— provide an open, vendor-neutral framework for the description of geospatial application schemas for the transport and storage of geographic information in XML;
— allow profiles that support proper subsets of GML framework descriptive capabilities;
— support the description of geospatial application schemas for specialized domains and information communities;
— enable the creation and maintenance of linked geographic application schemas and datasets;
— support the storage and transport of application schemas and datasets;
— increase the ability of organizations to share geographic application schemas and the information they describe.
Implementers can decide to store geographic application schemas and information in GML, or they can decide to convert from some other storage format on demand and use GML only for schema and data transport.
NOTE If an ISO 19109 conformant application schema described in UML is used as the basis for the storage and transportation of geographic information, this document provides normative rules for the mapping of such an application schema to a GML application schema in XML Schema and, as such, to an XML encoding for data with a logical structure in accordance with the ISO 19109 conformant application schema.

This document defines the conceptual schema for the description of referencing by coordinates. It describes the minimum data required to define coordinate reference systems. This document supports the definition of:
— spatial coordinate reference systems where coordinate values do not change with time. The system may:
— be geodetic and apply on a national or regional basis, or
— apply locally such as for a building or construction site, or
— apply locally to an image or image sensor;
— be referenced to a moving platform such as a car, a ship, an aircraft or a spacecraft. Such a coordinate reference system can be related to a second coordinate reference system which is referenced to the Earth through a transformation that includes a time element;
— spatial coordinate reference systems in which coordinate values of points on or near the surface of the earth change with time due to tectonic plate motion or other crustal deformation. Such dynamic systems include time evolution, however they remain spatial in nature;
— parametric coordinate reference systems which use a non-spatial parameter that varies monotonically with height or depth;
— temporal coordinate reference systems which use dateTime, temporal count or temporal measure quantities that vary monotonically with time;
— mixed spatial, parametric or temporal coordinate reference systems.
The definition of a coordinate reference system does not change with time, although in some cases some of the defining parameters can include a rate of change of the parameter. The coordinate values within a dynamic and in a temporal coordinate reference system can change with time.
This document also describes the conceptual schema for defining the information required to describe operations that change coordinate values.
In addition to the minimum data required for the definition of the coordinate reference system or coordinate operation, the conceptual schema allows additional descriptive information - coordinate reference system metadata - to be provided.
This document is applicable to producers and users of geographic information. Although it is applicable to digital geographic data, the principles described in this document can be extended to many other forms of spatial data such as maps, charts and text documents.

This standard specifies the data structure and content of an interface that permits communication between position-providing device(s) and position-using device(s) enabling the position-using device(s) to obtain and unambiguously interpret position information and determine, based on a measure of the degree of reliability, whether the resulting position information meets the requirements of the intended use. A standardized interface for positioning allows the integration of reliable position information obtained from non-specific positioning technologies and is useful in various location-focused information applications, such as surveying, navigation, intelligent transportation systems (ITS), and location-based services (LBS).

This standard specifies conceptual schemas for describing the spatial characteristics of geographic entities, and a set of spatial operations consistent with these schemas. It treats "vector" geometry and topology. It defines standard spatial operations for use in access, query, management, processing and data exchange of geographic information for spatial (geometric and topological) objects. Because of the nature of geographic information, these geometric coordinate spaces will normally have up to three spatial dimensions, one temporal dimension and any number of other spatially dependent parameters as needed by the applications. In general, the topological dimension of the spatial projections of the geometric objects will be at most three.

This International Standard provides rules and guidelines for the use of a conceptual schema language within the context of geographic information. The chosen conceptual schema language is the Unified Modeling Language (UML). This International Standard provides a profile of the Unified Modelling Language (UML). The standardization target type of this standard is UML schemas describing geographic information.

This Technical Specification supports exploitation of remotely sensed images. It specifies the sensor models and metadata for geopositioning images remotely sensed by Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR), LIght Detection And Ranging (lidar), and Sound Navigation And Ranging (sonar) sensors. The specification also defines the metadata needed for the aerial triangulation of airborne and spaceborne images. This Technical Specification specifies the detailed information that shall be provided for a sensor description of SAR, InSAR, lidar and sonar sensors with the associated physical and geometric information necessary to rigorously construct a Physical Sensor Model. For the case where precise geoposition information is needed, this Technical Specification identifies the mathematical formulae for rigorously constructing Physical Sensor Models that relate two-dimensional image space to threedimensional ground space and the calculation of the associated propagated error. This Technical Specification does not specify either how users derive geoposition data or the format or content of the data the users generate.

This document defines the following three mechanisms for linking Place Identifiers (PIs) (see ISO 19155) to features or objects existing in other encodings:
-Id attribute of a GML object (gml:id) as defined in ISO 19136;
- Universally Unique Identifier (UUID) as defined in IETF RFC 4122;
- Uniform Resource Locator (URL) as defined in IETF RFC 1738.
These PI linking mechanisms are enabled using xlink: href as defined in W3C XML Linking Language (XLink). While the identifiers of these features or objects can sometimes identify a place, within the scope of this document, the identifiers of features or objects existing in other encoding domains are referred to conceptually as other identifiers. This document further defines that when PIs are encoded, as specified in ISO 19155, using the Geography Markup Language (GML) (ISO 19136), they are linked using gml:id to other GML encoded features. The details of encoding GML instances using gml:id are specified in a normative annex. Additional normative annexes define encodings for linking Place Identifiers to other identifiers using UUID and URL and present examples for their use. This document is applicable to location-based services, linked open data, robotic assisted services and other application domains that require a relationship between PIs and objects in either the real or virtual world. This document is not about creating a registry of Place Identifiers linked to specific features or objects, and support of linking mechanisms other than gml:id, UUID, and URL is out of the scope of this document.

This Standard defines the conceptual schema for spatial references based on geographic identifiers. It establishes a general model for spatial referencing using geographic identifiers and defines the components of a spatial reference system. It also specifies a conceptual scheme for a gazetteer. Spatial referencing by coordinates is addressed in ISO 19111. However, a mechanism for recording complementary coordinate references is included in this document. This document enables producers of data to define spatial reference systems using geographic identifiers and assists users in understanding the spatial references used in datasets. It enables gazetteers to be constructed in a consistent manner and supports the development of other standards in the field of geographic information. This document is applicable to digital geographic data, and its principles may be extended to other forms of geographic data such as maps, charts and textual documents.

This Standard defines a reference model for standardization in the field of geographic imagery processing. This reference model identifies the scope of the standardization activity being undertaken and the context in which it takes place. The reference model includes gridded data with an emphasis on imagery. Although structured in the context of information technology and information technology standards, this document is independent of any application development method or technology implementation approach.

This Standard defines the management and operations of the ISO geodetic register and identifies the data elements, in accordance with ISO 19111:2007 and the core schema within ISO 19135-1:2015, required within the geodetic register.

This Standard identifies the information required to determine the relationship between the position of a remotely sensed pixel in image coordinates and its geoposition. It supports exploitation of remotely sensed images. It defines the metadata to be distributed with the image to enable user determination of geographic position from the observations. This document specifies several ways in which information in support of geopositioning can be provided. a) It may be provided as a sensor description with the associated physical and geometric information necessary to rigorously construct a PSM. For the case where precise geoposition information is needed, this document identifies the mathematical equations for rigorously constructing PSMs that relate 2D image space to 3D ground space and the calculation of the associated propagated errors. This document provides detailed information for three types of passive electro-optical/ IR sensors (frame, pushbroom and whiskbroom) and for an active microwave sensing system SAR. It provides a framework by which these sensor models can be extended to other sensor types. b) It can be provided as a TRM, using functions whose coefficients are based on a PSM so that they provide information for precise geopositioning, including the calculation of errors, as precisely as the PSM they replace. c) It can be provided as a CM that provides a functional fitting based on observed relationships between the geopositions of a set of GCPs and their image coordinates. d) It can be provided as a set of GCPs that can be used to develop a CM or to refine a PSM or TRM. This document does not specify either how users derive geoposition data or the format or content of the data the users generate.

This document defines XML based encoding rules for conceptual schemas specifying types that
describe geographic resources. The encoding rules support the UML profile as used in the UML models
commonly used in the standards developed by ISO/TC 211. The encoding rules use XML schema for the
output data structure schema.
The encoding rules described in this document are not applicable for encoding UML application schema
for geographic features (see ISO 19136 for those rules).

This document extends ISO 19115-1:2014 by defining the schema required for an enhanced description
of the acquisition and processing of geographic information, including imagery. Included are the
properties of measuring systems and the numerical methods and computational procedures used to
derive geographic information from the data acquired by them. This document also provides the XML
encoding for acquisition and processing metadata thereby extending the XML schemas defined in ISO/
TS 19115-3.

The Geography Markup Language (GML) is an XML encoding in compliance with ISO 19118 for the transport and storage of geographic information modelled in accordance with the conceptual modelling framework used in the ISO 19100‑ series of International Standards and including both the spatial and non-spatial properties of geographic features.
ISO 19136-2:2015 defines the XML Schema syntax, mechanisms and conventions that:
? provide an open, vendor-neutral framework for the description of geospatial application schemas for the transport and storage of geographic information in XML;
? allow profiles that support proper subsets of GML framework descriptive capabilities;
? support the description of geospatial application schemas for specialized domains and information communities;
? enable the creation and maintenance of linked geographic application schemas and datasets;
? support the storage and transport of application schemas and datasets;
? increase the ability of organizations to share geographic application schemas and the information they describe.
Implementers may decide to store geographic application schemas and information in GML, or they may decide to convert from some other storage format on demand and use GML only for schema and data transport.
ISO 19136-2:2015 builds on ISO 19136:2007 (GML 3.2), and extends it with additional schema components and requirements.
NOTE If an ISO 19109 conformant application schema described in UML is used as the basis for the storage and transportation of geographic information, this part of ISO 19136 provides normative rules for the mapping of such an application schema to a GML application schema in XML Schema and, as such, to an XML encoding for data with a logical structure in accordance with the ISO 19109 conformant application schema.

This document establishes a methodology for cross-mapping vocabularies. It also specifies an
implementation of ISO 19135-1:2015 for the purpose of registering cross-mapped vocabulary entries.
Methodologies for the development of ontologies and taxonomies that relate to geographic information
and geomatics are not within the scope of this document.

This International Standard defines the structure and content of a text string implementation of the abstract
model for coordinate reference systems described in ISO 19111:2007 and ISO 19111-2:2009. The string
defines frequently needed types of coordinate reference systems and coordinate operations in a selfcontained
form that is easily readable by machines and by humans. The essence is its simplicity; as a
consequence there are some constraints upon the more open content allowed in ISO 19111:2007. To retain
simplicity in the well-known text (WKT) description of coordinate reference systems and coordinate operations,
the scope of this International Standard excludes parameter grouping and pass-through coordinate operations.
The text string provides a means for humans and machines to correctly and unambiguously interpret and
utilise a coordinate reference system definition with look-ups or cross references only to define coordinate
operation mathematics. Because it omits metadata about the source of the data and may omit metadata about
the applicability of the information, the WKT string is not suitable for the storage of definitions of coordinate
reference systems or coordinate operations.

This part of ISO/TS 19159 defines the data capture method, the relationships between the coordinate
reference systems and their parameters, as well as the calibration of airborne lidar (light detection and
ranging) sensors.
This part of ISO/TS 19159 also standardizes the service metadata for the data capture method, the
relationships between the coordinate reference systems and their parameters and the calibration
procedures of airborne lidar systems as well as the associated data types and code lists that have not
been defined in other ISO geographic information international standards.

This document defines data quality encoding in XML. It is an XML schema implementation derived from
ISO 19157:2013 and the data quality related concepts from ISO 19115-2.

This Technical Specification classifies imagery and regularly spaced gridded thematic data into types
based on attribute property, sensor type and spatial property, and defines an encoding-neutral content
model for the required components for each type of data. It also specifies logical data structures and
the rules for encoding the content components in the structures.
The binding between the content and a specific encoding format will be defined in the subsequent parts
of ISO 19163.
This Technical Specification does not address LiDAR, SONAR data and ungeoreferenced gridded data.
The logical data structures and the rules for encoding the content components will be addressed in the
subsequent parts of ISO 19163.

This document defines an integrated XML implementation of ISO 19115-1, ISO 19115-2, and concepts
from ISO/TS 19139 by defining the following artefacts:
a) a set of XML schema required to validate metadata instance documents conforming to conceptual
model elements defined in ISO 19115-1, ISO 19115-2, and ISO/TS 19139;
b) a set of ISO/IEC 19757-3 (Schematron) rules that implement validation constraints in the
ISO 19115-1 and ISO 19115-2 UML models that are not validated by the XML schema;
c) an Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformation (XSLT) for transforming ISO 19115-1 metadata
encoded using the ISO/TS 19139 XML schema and ISO 19115-2 metadata encoded using the
ISO/TS 19139-2 XML schema into an equivalent document that is valid against the XML schema
defined in this document.
This document describes the procedure used to generate XML schema from ISO geographic information
conceptual models related to metadata. The procedure includes creation of an UML model for XML
implementation derived from the conceptual UML model.
This implementation model does not alter the semantics of the target conceptual model, but adds
abstract classes that remove dependencies between model packages, tagged values and stereotypes
required by the UML to XML transformation software, and refactors the packaging of a few elements
into XML namespaces. The XML schema has been generated systematically from the UML model for
XML implementation according to the rules defined in ISO/TS 19139 or ISO 19118.

This document defines the methodology for cataloguing feature types. This document specifies how
feature types can be organized into a feature catalogue and presented to the users of a set of geographic
data. This document is applicable to creating catalogues of feature types in previously uncatalogued
domains and to revising existing feature catalogues to comply with standard practice. This document
applies to the cataloguing of feature types that are represented in digital form. Its principles can be
extended to the cataloguing of other forms of geographic data. Feature catalogues are independent of
feature concept dictionaries defined in ISO 19126 and can be specified without having to use or create
a Feature Concept Dictionary.
This document is applicable to the definition of geographic features at the type level. This document
is not applicable to the representation of individual instances of each type. This document excludes
portrayal schemas as specified in ISO 19117.
This document may be used as a basis for defining the universe of discourse being modelled in a
particular application, or to standardize general aspects of real world features being modelled in more
than one application.

This International Standard specifies requirements for the collection, management and publication of
terminology in the field of geographic information.
The scope of this International Standard includes:
 structure and content of terminological entries,
 selection of concepts,
 term selection,
 definition preparation,
 cultural and linguistic adaptation,
 layout and formatting requirements in rendered documents,
 establishment and management of terminology registers.
This International Standard is applicable to International Standards and Technical Specifications in the field of
geographic information.

This part of the Technical Report provides guidance for validation and testing of data, metadata and services, as the main Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) components defined in other parts of CEN/TR 15449.
The guidance is given by means of examples of the validation and testing process required to assure conformance with the requirements existing in the relevant standards and guidelines.

This International Standard specifies the process for establishing, maintaining and publishing registers
of representation of geographic point location in compliance with ISO 19135. It identifies and describes
the information elements and the structure of a register of representations of geographic point location
including the elements for the conversion of one representation to another.
This International Standard also specifies the XML implementation of the required XML extension to
ISO/TS 19135‑2, for the implementation of a register of geographic point location representations.
A registry of geographic point location representations differs from a coordinate reference system (CRS)
registry as it is not intended to describe the parameters of a CRS including datum, projections, units of
measure, and order of coordinates but is concerned by the manner a geographic point location according
to ISO 6709 is physically represented in a record or part of it.

This International Standard defines requirements for how platform neutral and platform specific
specification of services shall be created, in order to allow for one service to be specified independently
of one or more underlying distributed computing platforms.
This International Standard defines requirements for a further mapping from platform neutral to
platform specific service specifications, in order to enable conformant and interoperable service
implementations.
This International Standard addresses the Meta:Service foundation of the ISO geographic information
reference model described in ISO 19101-1:2014, Clause 6 and Clause 8, respectively.
This International Standard defines how geographic services shall be categorised according to a
service taxonomy based on architectural areas and allows also for services to be categorised according
to a usage life cycle perspective, as well as according to domain specific and user defined service
taxonomies, providing support for easier publication and discovery of services.

This International Standard defines rules for creating and documenting application schemas, including
principles for the definition of features.
The scope of this International Standard includes the following:
— conceptual modelling of features and their properties from a universe of discourse;
— definition of application schemas;
— use of the conceptual schema language for application schemas;
— transition from the concepts in the conceptual model to the data types in the application schema;
— integration of standardized schemas from other ISO geographic information standards with the
application schema.
The following are outside the scope:
— choice of one particular conceptual schema language for application schemas;
— definition of any particular application schema;
— representation of feature types and their properties in a feature catalogue;
— representation of metadata;
— rules for mapping one application schema to another;
— implementation of the application schema in a computer environment;
— computer system and application software design;
— programming.

2013-06-21 GVN: Text received in ISO/CS (see notification from 2013-06-19-8 in tcminares)

This part of ISO 19101 defines the reference model for standardization in the field of geographic
information. This reference model describes the notion of interoperability and sets forth the fundamentals
by which this standardization takes place.
Although structured in the context of information technology and information technology standards,
this part of ISO 19101 is independent of any application development method or technology
implementation approach.

This International Standard defines the schema required for describing geographic information and services. It provides information about the identification, the extent, the quality, the spatial and temporal schema, spatial reference, and distribution of digital geographic data.
This International Standard is applicable to:
- the cataloguing of datasets, clearinghouse activities, and the full description of datasets;
- geographic datasets, dataset series, and individual geographic features and feature properties.
This International Standard defines:
- mandatory and conditional metadata sections, metadata entities, and metadata elements;
- the minimum set of metadata required to serve the full range of metadata applications (data discovery,
determining data fitness for use, data access, data transfer, and use of digital data);
- optional metadata elements - to allow for a more extensive standard description of geographic data, if required;
- a method for extending metadata to fit specialized needs.
Though this International Standard is applicable to digital data, its principles can be extended to many other forms of geographic data such as maps, charts, and textual documents as well as non-geographic data.
NOTE Certain mandatory metadata elements may not apply to these other forms of data.

ISO 19117:2012 specifies a conceptual schema for describing symbols, portrayal functions that map geospatial features to symbols, and the collection of symbols and portrayal functions into portrayal catalogues. This conceptual schema can be used in the design of portrayal systems. It allows feature data to be separate from portrayal data, permitting data to be portrayed in a dataset independent manner.

This International Standard specifies an architecture that defines a reference model with an encoding
method for an identifier of a place. The concept of “place” within this International Standard includes
“places” not only in the real world but also those in the virtual world. These “places” are identified
using either coordinate identifiers, geographic identifiers, or virtual world identifiers such as URI. In
this International Standard, an identifier of a place is referred to as a Place Identifier (PI).
The reference model defines a mechanism to match multiple Place Identifiers to the same place. In
addition, a data structure and set of service interfaces are also defined in this reference model.
This International Standard is applicable to location based services, emergency management services
and other application domains that require a common architecture, across specific domains, for the
representation of place descriptions using coordinate, geographic, or virtual world identifiers.
This International Standard is not about producing any kind of specific place description, nor about
defining a unique, standardized description of defined places, such as an address coding scheme.

This part of ISO 19144 specifies a Land Cover Meta Language (LCML) expressed as a UML metamodel that
allows different land cover classification systems to be described based on the physiognomic aspects. This part
of ISO 19144 also specifies the detailed structure of a register for the extension of LCML but does not specify
the maintenance of the register. This part of ISO 19144 recognizes that there exist a number of land cover
classification systems. It provides a common reference structure for the comparison and integration of data
for any generic land cover classification system, but does not intend to replace those classification systems.

ISO 19157 establishes the principles for describing the quality of geographic data. It defines components for describing data quality; specifies components and content structure of a register for data quality measures; describes general procedures for evaluating the quality of geographic data; establishes principles for reporting data quality. This International Standard also defines a set of data quality measures for use in evaluating and reporting data quality. It is applicable to data producers providing quality information to describe and assess how well a dataset conforms to its product specification and to data users attempting to determine whether or not specific geographic data is of sufficient quality for their particular application. This International Standard does not attempt to define minimum acceptable levels of quality for geographic data.
This International Standard also provides guidance on how to describe, evaluate and report data quality.
This International Standard is applicable to data producers providing quality information to describe and assess how well a dataset conforms to its product specification and to data users attempting to determine whether or not specific geographic data is of sufficient quality for their particular application.
This International Standard does not attempt to define a minimum acceptable level of quality for geographic data.

This Technical Report describes a service-centric view of a Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI). The Service Centric view addresses the concepts of service specifications, the methodology for developing service specifications through the application of the relevant International Standards, and the content of such service specifications described from the perspective of the five Reference Model of Open Distributed Processing (RM-ODP) viewpoints: - the enterprise viewpoint addresses service aspects from an organisational, business and user perspective; - the computational viewpoint addresses service aspects from a system architect perspective; - the information viewpoint addresses service aspects from a geospatial information expert perspective; - the engineering viewpoint addresses service aspects from a system designer perspective; - the technology viewpoint addresses service aspects from a system builder and implementer perspective. The intended readership of this Technical Report is those people who are responsible for creating frameworks for SDI, experts contributing to INSPIRE experts in information and communication technologies and e-government that need to familiarise themselves with geographic information and SDI concepts, and standards developers and writers.

This International Standard defines a conceptual schema for observations, and for features involved in sampling when making observations. These provide models for the exchange of information describing observation acts and their results, both within and between different scientific and technical communities. Observations commonly involve sampling of an ultimate feature-of-interest. This International Standard defines a common set of sampling feature types classified primarily by topological dimension, as well as samples for ex-situ observations. The schema includes relationships between sampling features (sub-sampling, derived samples). This International Standard concerns only externally visible interfaces and places no restriction on the underlying implementations other than what is needed to satisfy the interface specifications in the actual situation.

ISO 19144-1:2009 establishes the structure of a geographic information classification system, together with the mechanism for defining and registering the classifiers for such a system. It specifies the use of discrete coverages to represent the result of applying the classification system to a particular area and defines the technical structure of a register of classifiers in accordance with ISO 19135.

This International Standard:
- defines a reference Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) covering basic information-related components of land administration (including those over water and land, and elements above and below the surface of the earth);
- provides an abstract, conceptual model with four packages related to
1) parties (people and organizations);
2) basic administrative units, rights, responsibilities, and restrictions (ownership rights);
3) spatial units (parcels, and the legal space of buildings and utility networks);
4) spatial sources (surveying), and spatial representations (geometry and topology);
- provides terminology for land administration, based on various national and international systems, that is as simple as possible in order to be useful in practice. The terminology allows a shared description of different formal or informal practices and procedures in various jurisdictions;
- provides a basis for national and regional profiles; and
- enables the combining of land administration information from different sources in a coherent manner.
The following is outside the scope of this International Standard:
- interference with (national) land administration laws that may have any legal implications;
- construction of external databases with party data, address data, valuation data, land use data, land cover data, physical utility network data, archive data and taxation data. However, the LADM provides stereotype classes for these data sets to indicate which data set elements the LADM expects from these external sources, if available; and
- modelling of land administration processes.

Part 3 of the Technical Report describes a data-centric view of a Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI). The Data Centric view addresses the concepts of semantic interoperability, the methodology for developing data specifications through the application of the relevant International Standards, and the content of such specifications including Application Schemas, Feature Catalogues, General Feature Model, Data Lifecycle Management and Data Quality, Data Access and Data Transformation. The intended readership of this Technical Report are those people who are responsible for creating frameworks for SDI, experts contributing to INSPIRE, experts in information and communication technologies and e-government that need to familiarise themselves with geographic information and SDI concepts, and standards developers and writers.

This part of the Technical Report provides a reference model for a Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI). It covers framework standards and identifies the relevant standards, technical specifications, technical reports and guidelines. This part of the Technical Report provides a context model for the other parts of this Technical Report applying general architecture standards. The intended readership of this Technical Report are those people who are responsible for creating frameworks for SDIs, experts contributing to INSPIRE, experts in information and communication technologies and e-government that need to familiarise themselves with geographic information and SDI concepts, and standards developers and writers.

This part of the Technical Report provides best practices regarding Spatial Data Infrastructures (SDIs), referencing to the outcomes of the projects in the frame of the European Union funding programmes. It summarises the deliverables of projects, structured according to the reference model defined in Part 1 of this Technical Report, to be made available in an on-line repository where the relevant outcomes are collected and classified in order to provide a structured sets of recommendations for implementing SDIs at the European, national and sub-national levels. This collection refers mainly to the projects funded by the European Union funding programmes: this choice is driven by the wide vision and analysis which such kind of projects can provide and the wide numbers of stakeholders which have been involved. The outcomes delivered by these relevant practices are collected into a document registry available through the CEN/TC 287 web site. This part of the Technical Report defines the processes and the content of these projects and documents registries, which will help making them more accessible and re-usable. It provides the relevant project deliverables addressing the main SDI issues as described in the other parts of this Technical Report. The intended readership of this Technical Report are those people who are responsible for creating frameworks for SDI, experts contributing to INSPIRE, experts in information and communication technologies and e-government that need to familiarize themselves with geographic information and SDI concepts, and standards developers and writers.

ISO 19143:2010 describes an XML and KVP encoding of a system neutral syntax for expressing projections, selection and sorting clauses collectively called a query expression.
These components are modular and intended to be used together or individually by other International Standards which reference ISO 19143:2010.
ISO 19143:2010 defines an abstract component, named AbstractQueryExpression, from which other specifications can subclass concrete query elements to implement query operations.
It also defines an additional abstract query component, named AbstractAdhocQueryExpresison, which is derived from AbstractQueryExpression and from which other specifications can subclass concrete query elements which follow the following query pattern:
An abstract query element from which service specifications can subclass a concrete query element that implements a query operation that allows a client to specify a list of resource types, an optional projection clause, an optional selection clause, and an optional sorting clause to query a subset of resources that satisfy the selection clause.
This pattern is referred to as an ad hoc query pattern since the server in not aware of the query until it is submitted for processing. This is in contrast to a stored query expression, which is stored and can be invoked by name or identifier.
ISO 19143:2010 also describes an XML and KVP encoding of a system-neutral representation of a select clause. The XML representation is easily validated, parsed and transformed into a server-specific language required to retrieve or modify object instances stored in some persistent object store.
ISO 19143:2010 defines the XML encoding for the following predicates.
- A standard set of logical predicates: and, or and not.
- A standard set of comparison predicates: equal to, not equal to, less than, less than or equal to, greater than, greater than or equal to, like, is null and between.
- A standard set of spatial predicates: equal, disjoint, touches, within, overlaps, crosses, intersects, contains, within a specified distance, beyond a specified distance and BBOX.
- A standard set of temporal predicates: after, before, begins, begun by, contains, during, ends, equals, meets, met by, overlaps and overlapped by.
- A predicate to test whether the identifier of an object matches the specified value.
ISO 19143:2010 defines the XML encoding of metadata that allows a service to declare which conformance classes, predicates, operators, operands and functions it supports. This metadata is referred to as Filter Capabilities.

ISO 19144-1:2009 establishes the structure of a geographic information classification system, together with the mechanism for defining and registering the classifiers for such a system. It specifies the use of discrete coverages to represent the result of applying the classification system to a particular area and defines the technical structure of a register of classifiers in accordance with ISO 19135.

ISO 19149:2011 defines an XML-based vocabulary or language to express rights for geographic information in order that digital licenses can be created for such information and related services. This language, GeoREL, is an extension of the rights expression language in ISO/IEC 21000-5 and is to be used to compose digital licenses. Each digital license will unambiguously express those particular rights that the owners (or their agent) of a digital geographic resource extend to the holders of that license. The digital rights management system in which these licenses are used can then offer ex ante (before the fact) protection for all such resources.
NOTE The proper use of a GeoREL includes the preservation of rights access by formula expressed in usage licenses. Thus, data in the public or private domain, when protected, remain in their respective domains if the usage rights granted so state.  
These "rights" are not always covered by copyright law, and are often the result of contracts between individuals that specify the proper and allowed uses of resources, as opposed to the threat of copyright litigations which is an ex post facto (after the fact) remediation measure, not an ex ante protection measure. ISO 19149:2011 is not a reflection of, or extension of, copyright law.
Mechanisms for the enforcement and preservation of those contract rights are specified in ISO/IEC 21000, and it is not the intention of ISO 19149:2011 to replace nor redefine those mechanisms, but to use them as previously standardized.

This International Standard specifies the requirements for defining encoding rules for use for the interchange
of data that conform to the geographic information in the set of International Standards known as the
“ISO 19100 series”.
This International Standard specifies
 requirements for creating encoding rules based on UML schemas,
 requirements for creating encoding services, and
 requirements for XML-based encoding rules for neutral interchange of data.
This International Standard does not specify any digital media, does not define any transfer services or
transfer protocols, nor does it specify how to encode inline large images.

There are described the requirements for  specification of geographic data products. The  content and structure of data product specification  is given, and applied to data product example. A  data product specification is a precise technical  description of dataset series, together with  additional information that will enable it to be  created, supplied and used by another party. The  data product specification defines how the dataset  should be in terms of the requirements that it will  or may fulfill.