CEN/TC 287 - Geographic Information

This document:
—     defines a reference Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) covering basic information-related components of land administration/georegulation;
—     provides an abstract, conceptual model with packages related to:
—     parties (people and organizations),
—     basic administrative units, rights, responsibilities and restrictions (RRRs),
—     spatial units,
—     a generic conceptual model (sources and versioned object);
—     provides terminology for land administration/georegulation, based on various national and international systems, that is as simple as possible in order to be useful in practice. The terminology allows a shared description of different formal or informal practices and procedures in various jurisdictions;
—     provides a content model independent of encoding, allowing for the support of various encodings;
—     provides a basis for national and regional profiles;
—     enables the combining of land administration/georegulation information from different sources in a coherent manner.
The following are outside the scope of this document:
—     interference with (national) land administration/georegulation laws with potentially legal implications due to the possibility of describing different types of systems but in the same notation;
—     construction of external databases with party data, address data, land cover data, physical utility network data, archive data and taxation data. However, the LADM provides stereotype classes for these data sets to indicate which data set elements the LADM expects from these external sources, if available.
This document provides the concepts and basic structure for standardization in the land administration/georegulation domain. It defines a general schema that permits regulatory information to be described. It also allows for the relationship to multiple parties and groups to be expressed together with a referencing structure so that sourcing of all information systems can be maintained. This document establishes the common elements and basic schema upon which more detailed schema can be established.

This document specifies a Land Cover Meta Language (LCML) expressed as a UML metamodel that allows different Land Cover classification systems to be described based on physiognomic aspects. This document recognizes that a number of Land Cover classification systems exist. It provides a common reference structure for the comparison and integration of data for any generic Land Cover classification system, but does not intend to replace those classification systems.

This document focuses on assigning and maintaining addresses that allow the unambiguous determination of an object in the physical world for purposes of identification and location in the context of public administration and public service delivery. During assignment, an address is first associated with a particular object in the physical world. During maintenance, the address changes, for example, it is re-assigned to a different object, one or more of the address components are modified (e.g. a street name change), or the address is retired when it is no longer used. This document:
a)       specifies a good practice for assigning and maintaining addresses and address data; and
b)       specifies a governance framework for assigning and maintaining addresses and address data.
Very often local governments (e.g. municipalities) are assigned the mandate for the planning, implementation, evaluation and ongoing maintenance of addresses, and they are often supported by other organizations, such as the national government, a postal agency, private sector companies and national or regional organizations. This document is applicable to all organizations who have an interest, role or responsibility in address assignment and maintenance, for example in terms of:
—     developing legislation, policies or regulations for addressing;
—     facilitating and coordinating the naming of address components (the constituent parts of an address) and announcing and communicating these names;
—     installing address component signs in the physical world;
—     designing and implementing business processes related to address assignment and maintenance;
—     designing, implementing and maintaining access to address data;
—     developing software to facilitate the above; and
—     using addresses.

This document defines an integrated XML implementation of ISO 19115-1 and ISO 19115-2 by defining the following artefacts:
—     a set of XML schema required to validate metadata instance documents conforming to conceptual model elements defined in ISO 19115-1 and ISO 19115-2; and
—     a set of ISO/IEC 19757-3 (Schematron) rules that implement validation constraints in the ISO 19115-1 and ISO 19115-2 UML models that are not validated by the XML schema.
This document describes the procedure used to generate XML schemas from ISO geographic information conceptual models related to metadata. The XML schemas are generated directly from the conceptual UML model (8.5).

This document establishes a standard registration and maintenance mechanism for the registration of ISO 19150-4-conformant geographic information service ontologies.
This document makes use of ISO 19135-1 whenever appropriate.
This document does not define semantics operators or rules for ontologies, and does not develop any application ontology.
In relation to ISO 19101-1:2014, 6.2, this document defines and formalizes the following purposes of the ISO geographic information reference model:
—     geographic information service components and their behaviour for data processing purposes over the Web; and
—     OWL ontologies to cast ISO/TC 211 International Standards to benefit from and support the Semantic Web.
In relation to ISO 19101-1:2014, 8.3, this document addresses the Application:Procedural foundation of the ISO geographic information reference model.

This document defines a conceptual schema for coverages. A coverage is a mapping from a spatial, temporal or spatiotemporal domain to attribute values sharing the same attribute type. A coverage domain consists of a collection of direct positions in a coordinate space that can be defined in terms of spatial and/or temporal dimensions, as well as non-spatiotemporal (in ISO 19111:2019, “parametric”) dimensions. Examples of coverages include point clouds, grids, meshes, triangulated irregular networks, and polygon sets. Coverages are the prevailing data structures in a number of application areas, such as remote sensing, meteorology and mapping of depth, elevation, soil and vegetation. This document defines the coverage concept including the relationship between the domain of a coverage and its associated attribute range. This document defines the characteristics of the domain. The characteristics of the attribute range are not defined in this document, but are defined in implementation standards. Consequently, the standardization target of this document consists of implementation standards, not concrete implementations themselves.

This document defines a coverage processing language for server-side extraction, filtering, processing, analytics, and fusion of multi-dimensional geospatial coverages representing, for example, spatio-temporal sensor, image, simulation, or statistics datacubes. Services implementing this language provide access to original or derived sets of coverage information, in forms that are useful for client-side consumption.
This document relies on the ISO 19123-1 abstract coverage model. In this edition, regular and irregular multi-dimensional grids are supported for axes that can carry spatial, temporal or any other semantics. Future editions will additionally support further axis types as well as further coverage types from ISO 19123-1, specifically, point clouds and meshes.

This document defines a conceptual schema for observations, for features involved in the observation process, and for features involved in sampling when making observations. These provide models for the exchange of information describing observation acts and their results, both within and between different scientific and technical communities.
Observations commonly involve sampling of an ultimate feature-of-interest. This document defines a common set of sample types according to their spatial, material (for ex situ observations) or statistical nature. The schema includes relationships between sample features (sub-sampling, derived samples).
This document concerns only externally visible interfaces and places no restriction on the underlying implementations other than what is needed to satisfy the interface specifications in the actual situation.

This document establishes the principles for describing the quality of geographic data. It:
—    defines a well-considered system of components for describing data quality;
—    defines the process for defining additional, domain-specific components for describing data quality;
—    specifies components and the content structure of data quality measures;
—    describes general procedures for evaluating the quality of geographic data;
—    establishes principles for reporting data quality.
This document is applicable to data producers providing quality information to describe and assess how well a dataset conforms to its product specification and to data users attempting to determine whether or not specific geographic data are of sufficient quality for their particular application.
This document does not attempt to define minimum acceptable levels of quality for geographic data. Such information is usually present as a requirement in a data product specification, defined in accordance with ISO 19131, for example.

This document specifies the framework, concepts and methodology for conformance testing and criteria to be achieved to claim conformance to the family of applicable standardization documents regarding geographic information and relevant application domains. This document provides a framework for specifying abstract test suites composed of abstract test cases grouped in conformance classes and for defining the procedures to be followed during conformance testing.
Conformance can be claimed for data or software products or services or by specifications including any profile or functional standard. The structure of, and relationships between, conformance classes as defined in this document underly a systematic approach to configuration management involving managing dependencies within and between modules.

This document describes requirements for the specification of geographic data products, based upon the concepts of other International Standards in the ISO 19100 family of standards. It also provides guidance in the creation of data product specifications, so that they can be easily understood and fit for their intended purpose.
This document specifies XML encoding of data product specifications.
This document provides OWL representation of the underlying UML model. See Annex F.
This document is intended for use by data producers, data providers, service providers and potential users of data products.

This document specifies the representation of latitude and longitude and optionally height or depth compatible with previous editions of ISO 6709.
This document also supports the representations of other coordinate types and time that can be associated with those coordinates as defined through one or more coordinate reference systems (CRS).
This document describes a text string of coordinates, suitable for electronic data exchange, for one point, including reference system identification to ensure that the coordinates unambiguously represent the position of that point. Files containing multiple points with a single common reference system identification are out of scope. This document also describes a simpler text string structure for coordinate representation of a point location that is more suitable for human readability.

This document specifies an extension to the Geospatial API for Features — Part 1: Core standard that defines the behaviour of a server that supports the ability to present geometry valued properties in a response document in one from a list of supported Coordinates Reference Systems (CRS).
Each supported CRS is specified by reference using a uniform resource identifier (URI).
This document specifies:
—    how, for each offered feature collection, a server advertises the list of supported CRS identifiers;
—    how the coordinates of geometry valued feature properties can be accessed in one of the supported CRSs;
—    how features can be accessed from the server using a bounding box specified in one of the supported CRSs; and
—    how a server can declare the CRS used to present feature resources.

This document specifies the behaviour of Web APIs that provide access to features in a dataset in a manner independent of the underlying data store. This document defines discovery and query operations.
Discovery operations enable clients to interrogate the API, including the API definition and metadata about the feature collections provided by the API, to determine the capabilities of the API and retrieve information about available distributions of the dataset.
Query operations enable clients to retrieve features from the underlying data store based upon simple selection criteria, defined by the client.

This document specifies a schema for feature concept dictionaries to be established and managed as registers. It does not specify schemas for feature catalogues or for the management of feature catalogues as registers. However, as feature catalogues are often derived from feature concept dictionaries, this document does specify a schema for a hierarchical register of feature concept dictionaries and feature catalogues. These registers are in accordance with ISO 19135‑1.

This document specifies a conceptual schema for locations relative to a one-dimensional object as measurement along (and optionally offset from) that object. It defines a description of the data and operations required to use and support linear referencing.
This document is applicable to transportation, utilities, environmental protection, location-based services and other applications which define locations relative to linear objects. For ease of reading, most examples discussed in this document come from the transportation domain.

The Geography Markup Language (GML) is an XML encoding in accordance with ISO 19118 for the transport and storage of geographic information modelled in accordance with the conceptual modelling framework used in the ISO 19100 series of International Standards and including both the spatial and non-spatial properties of geographic features.
This document defines the XML Schema syntax, mechanisms and conventions that:
—     provide an open, vendor-neutral framework for the description of geospatial application schemas for the transport and storage of geographic information in XML;
—     allow profiles that support proper subsets of GML framework descriptive capabilities;
—     support the description of geospatial application schemas for specialized domains and information communities;
—     enable the creation and maintenance of linked geographic application schemas and datasets;
—     support the storage and transport of application schemas and datasets;
—     increase the ability of organizations to share geographic application schemas and the information they describe.
Implementers can decide to store geographic application schemas and information in GML, or they can decide to convert from some other storage format on demand and use GML only for schema and data transport.
NOTE    If an ISO 19109 conformant application schema described in UML is used as the basis for the storage and transportation of geographic information, this document provides normative rules for the mapping of such an application schema to a GML application schema in XML Schema and, as such, to an XML encoding for data with a logical structure in accordance with the ISO 19109 conformant application schema.

This document specifies conceptual schemas for describing the spatial characteristics of geographic entities, and a set of spatial operations consistent with these schemas. It treats "vector" geometry and topology. It defines standard spatial operations for use in access, query, management, processing and data exchange of geographic information for spatial (geometric and topological) objects. Because of the nature of geographic information, these geometric coordinate spaces will normally have up to three spatial dimensions, one temporal dimension and any number of other spatially dependent parameters as needed by the applications. In general, the topological dimension of the spatial projections of the geometric objects will be at most three.

This document specifies the data structure and content of an interface that permits communication between position-providing device(s) and position-using device(s) enabling the position-using device(s) to obtain and unambiguously interpret position information and determine, based on a measure of the degree of reliability, whether the resulting position information meets the requirements of the intended use.
A standardized interface for positioning allows the integration of reliable position information obtained from non-specific positioning technologies and is useful in various location-focused information applications, such as surveying, navigation, intelligent transportation systems (ITS), and location-based services (LBS).

This document defines the conceptual schema for the description of referencing by coordinates. It describes the minimum data required to define coordinate reference systems. This document supports the definition of:
—          spatial coordinate reference systems where coordinate values do not change with time. The system may:
—   be geodetic and apply on a national or regional basis, or
—   apply locally such as for a building or construction site, or
—   apply locally to an image or image sensor;
—   be referenced to a moving platform such as a car, a ship, an aircraft or a spacecraft. Such a coordinate reference system can be related to a second coordinate reference system which is referenced to the Earth through a transformation that includes a time element;
—          spatial coordinate reference systems in which coordinate values of points on or near the surface of the earth change with time due to tectonic plate motion or other crustal deformation. Such dynamic systems include time evolution, however they remain spatial in nature;
—          parametric coordinate reference systems which use a non-spatial parameter that varies monotonically with height or depth;
—          temporal coordinate reference systems which use dateTime, temporal count or temporal measure quantities that vary monotonically with time;
—          mixed spatial, parametric or temporal coordinate reference systems.
The definition of a coordinate reference system does not change with time, although in some cases some of the defining parameters can include a rate of change of the parameter. The coordinate values within a dynamic and in a temporal coordinate reference system can change with time.
This document also describes the conceptual schema for defining the information required to describe operations that change coordinate values.
In addition to the minimum data required for the definition of the coordinate reference system or coordinate operation, the conceptual schema allows additional descriptive information - coordinate reference system metadata - to be provided.
This document is applicable to producers and users of geographic information. Although it is applicable to digital geographic data, the principles described in this document can be extended to many other forms of spatial data such as maps, charts and text documents.

This document defines the conceptual schema for spatial references based on geographic identifiers. It establishes a general model for spatial referencing using geographic identifiers and defines the components of a spatial reference system. It also specifies a conceptual scheme for a gazetteer.
Spatial referencing by coordinates is addressed in ISO 19111. However, a mechanism for recording complementary coordinate references is included in this document.
This document enables producers of data to define spatial reference systems using geographic identifiers and assists users in understanding the spatial references used in datasets. It enables gazetteers to be constructed in a consistent manner and supports the development of other standards in the field of geographic information.
This document is applicable to digital geographic data, and its principles may be extended to other forms of geographic data such as maps, charts and textual documents.

This document extends ISO 19115-1:2014 by defining the schema required for an enhanced description
of the acquisition and processing of geographic information, including imagery. Included are the
properties of measuring systems and the numerical methods and computational procedures used to
derive geographic information from the data acquired by them. This document also provides the XML
encoding for acquisition and processing metadata thereby extending the XML schemas defined in ISO/
TS 19115-3.

The Geography Markup Language (GML) is an XML encoding in compliance with ISO 19118 for the transport and storage of geographic information modelled in accordance with the conceptual modelling framework used in the ISO 19100‑ series of International Standards and including both the spatial and non-spatial properties of geographic features.
ISO 19136-2:2015 defines the XML Schema syntax, mechanisms and conventions that:
?   provide an open, vendor-neutral framework for the description of geospatial application schemas for the transport and storage of geographic information in XML;
?   allow profiles that support proper subsets of GML framework descriptive capabilities;
?   support the description of geospatial application schemas for specialized domains and information communities;
?   enable the creation and maintenance of linked geographic application schemas and datasets;
?   support the storage and transport of application schemas and datasets;
?   increase the ability of organizations to share geographic application schemas and the information they describe.
Implementers may decide to store geographic application schemas and information in GML, or they may decide to convert from some other storage format on demand and use GML only for schema and data transport.
ISO 19136-2:2015 builds on ISO 19136:2007 (GML 3.2), and extends it with additional schema components and requirements.
NOTE          If an ISO 19109 conformant application schema described in UML is used as the basis for the storage and transportation of geographic information, this part of ISO 19136 provides normative rules for the mapping of such an application schema to a GML application schema in XML Schema and, as such, to an XML encoding for data with a logical structure in accordance with the ISO 19109 conformant application schema.

This document defines XML based encoding rules for conceptual schemas specifying types that describe geographic resources. The encoding rules support the UML profile as used in the UML models commonly used in the standards developed by ISO/TC 211. The encoding rules use XML schema for the output data structure schema.
The encoding rules described in this document are not applicable for encoding UML application schema for geographic features (see ISO 19136 for those rules).

This document establishes a methodology for cross-mapping vocabularies. It also specifies an implementation of ISO 19135-1:2015 for the purpose of registering cross-mapped vocabulary entries.
Methodologies for the development of ontologies and taxonomies that relate to geographic information and geomatics are not within the scope of this document.

ISO 19110:2016 defines the methodology for cataloguing feature types. This document specifies how feature types can be organized into a feature catalogue and presented to the users of a set of geographic data. This document is applicable to creating catalogues of feature types in previously uncatalogued domains and to revising existing feature catalogues to comply with standard practice. This document applies to the cataloguing of feature types that are represented in digital form. Its principles can be extended to the cataloguing of other forms of geographic data. Feature catalogues are independent of feature concept dictionaries defined in ISO 19126 and can be specified without having to use or create a Feature Concept Dictionary.
ISO 19110:2016 is applicable to the definition of geographic features at the type level. This document is not applicable to the representation of individual instances of each type. This document excludes portrayal schemas as specified in ISO 19117.
ISO 19110:2016 may be used as a basis for defining the universe of discourse being modelled in a particular application, or to standardize general aspects of real world features being modelled in more than one application.

ISO 19119:2016 defines requirements for how platform neutral and platform specific specification of services shall be created, in order to allow for one service to be specified independently of one or more underlying distributed computing platforms.
ISO 19119:2016 defines requirements for a further mapping from platform neutral to platform specific service specifications, in order to enable conformant and interoperable service implementations.
ISO 19119:2016 addresses the Meta:Service foundation of the ISO geographic information reference model described in ISO 19101‑1:2014, Clause 6 and Clause 8, respectively.
ISO 19119:2016 defines how geographic services shall be categorised according to a service taxonomy based on architectural areas and allows also for services to be categorised according to a usage life cycle perspective, as well as according to domain specific and user defined service taxonomies, providing support for easier publication and discovery of services.

ISO 19109:2015 defines rules for creating and documenting application schemas, including principles for the definition of features.
The scope of this International Standard includes the following:
-      conceptual modelling of features and their properties from a universe of discourse;
-      definition of application schemas;
-      use of the conceptual schema language for application schemas;
-      transition from the concepts in the conceptual model to the data types in the application schema;
-      integration of standardized schemas from other ISO geographic information standards with the application schema.
The following are outside the scope:
-      choice of one particular conceptual schema language for application schemas;
-      definition of any particular application schema;
-      representation of feature types and their properties in a feature catalogue;
-      representation of metadata;
-      rules for mapping one application schema to another;
-      implementation of the application schema in a computer environment;
-      computer system and application software design;
-      programming.

ISO 19135-1:2015 specifies procedures to be followed in establishing, maintaining, and publishing registers of unique, unambiguous, and permanent identifiers and meanings that are assigned to items of geographic information. In order to accomplish this purpose, ISO 19135-1:2015 specifies elements that are necessary to manage the registration of these items.

ISO 19101-1:2014 defines the reference model for standardization in the field of geographic information. This reference model describes the notion of interoperability and sets forth the fundamentals by which this standardization takes place.
Although structured in the context of information technology and information technology standards, ISO 19101-1:2014 is independent of any application development method or technology implementation approach.

This part of the Technical Report provides guidance for validation and testing of data, metadata and services, as the main Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) components defined in other parts of CEN/TR 15449.
The guidance is given by means of examples of the validation and testing process required to assure conformance with the requirements existing in the relevant standards and guidelines.

ISO 19115-1:2014 defines the schema required for describing geographic information and services by means of metadata. It provides information about the identification, the extent, the quality, the spatial and temporal aspects, the content, the spatial reference, the portrayal, distribution, and other properties of digital geographic data and services.
ISO 19115-1:2014 is applicable to:
-the cataloguing of all types of resources, clearinghouse activities, and the full description of datasets and services;
-geographic services, geographic datasets, dataset series, and individual geographic features and feature properties.
ISO 19115-1:2014 defines:
-mandatory and conditional metadata sections, metadata entities, and metadata elements;
-the minimum set of metadata required to serve most metadata applications (data discovery, determining data fitness for use, data access, data transfer, and use of digital data and services);
-optional metadata elements to allow for a more extensive standard description of resources, if required;
-a method for extending metadata to fit specialized needs.
Though ISO 19115-1:2014 is applicable to digital data and services, its principles can be extended to many other types of resources such as maps, charts, and textual documents as well as non-geographic data. Certain conditional metadata elements might not apply to these other forms of data.

ISO 19117:2012 specifies a conceptual schema for describing symbols, portrayal functions that map geospatial features to symbols, and the collection of symbols and portrayal functions into portrayal catalogues. This conceptual schema can be used in the design of portrayal systems. It allows feature data to be separate from portrayal data, permitting data to be portrayed in a dataset independent manner.

This Technical Report describes a service-centric view of a Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI).
The Service Centric view addresses the concepts of service specifications, the methodology for developing service specifications through the application of the relevant International Standards, and the content of such service specifications described from the perspective of the five Reference Model of Open Distributed Processing (RM-ODP) viewpoints:
-   the enterprise viewpoint addresses service aspects from an organisational, business and user perspective;
-   the computational viewpoint addresses service aspects from a system architect perspective;
-   the information viewpoint addresses service aspects from a geospatial information expert perspective;
-   the engineering viewpoint addresses service aspects from a system designer perspective;
-   the technology viewpoint addresses service aspects from a system builder and implementer perspective.
The intended readership of this Technical Report is those people who are responsible for creating frameworks for SDI, experts contributing to INSPIRE experts in information and communication technologies and e-government that need to familiarise themselves with geographic information and SDI concepts, and standards developers and writers.

ISO 19144-1:2009 establishes the structure of a geographic information classification system, together with the mechanism for defining and registering the classifiers for such a system. It specifies the use of discrete coverages to represent the result of applying the classification system to a particular area and defines the technical structure of a register of classifiers in accordance with ISO 19135.

ISO 19143:2010 describes an XML and KVP encoding of a system neutral syntax for expressing projections, selection and sorting clauses collectively called a query expression.
These components are modular and intended to be used together or individually by other International Standards which reference ISO 19143:2010.
ISO 19143:2010 defines an abstract component, named AbstractQueryExpression, from which other specifications can subclass concrete query elements to implement query operations.
It also defines an additional abstract query component, named AbstractAdhocQueryExpresison, which is derived from AbstractQueryExpression and from which other specifications can subclass concrete query elements which follow the following query pattern:
An abstract query element from which service specifications can subclass a concrete query element that implements a query operation that allows a client to specify a list of resource types, an optional projection clause, an optional selection clause, and an optional sorting clause to query a subset of resources that satisfy the selection clause.
This pattern is referred to as an ad hoc query pattern since the server in not aware of the query until it is submitted for processing. This is in contrast to a stored query expression, which is stored and can be invoked by name or identifier.
ISO 19143:2010 also describes an XML and KVP encoding of a system-neutral representation of a select clause. The XML representation is easily validated, parsed and transformed into a server-specific language required to retrieve or modify object instances stored in some persistent object store.
ISO 19143:2010 defines the XML encoding for the following predicates.
- A standard set of logical predicates: and, or and not.
- A standard set of comparison predicates: equal to, not equal to, less than, less than or equal to, greater than, greater than or equal to, like, is null and between.
- A standard set of spatial predicates: equal, disjoint, touches, within, overlaps, crosses, intersects, contains, within a specified distance, beyond a specified distance and BBOX.
- A standard set of temporal predicates: after, before, begins, begun by, contains, during, ends, equals, meets, met by, overlaps and overlapped by.
- A predicate to test whether the identifier of an object matches the specified value.
ISO 19143:2010 defines the XML encoding of metadata that allows a service to declare which conformance classes, predicates, operators, operands and functions it supports. This metadata is referred to as Filter Capabilities.

Part 3 of the Technical Report describes a data-centric view of a Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI). The Data Centric view addresses the concepts of semantic interoperability, the methodology for developing data specifications through the application of the relevant International Standards, and the content of such specifications including Application Schemas, Feature Catalogues, General Feature Model, Data Lifecycle Management and Data Quality, Data Access and Data Transformation.
The intended readership of this Technical Report are those people who are responsible for creating frameworks for SDI, experts contributing to INSPIRE, experts in information and communication technologies and e-government that need to familiarise themselves with geographic information and SDI concepts, and standards developers and writers.

This part of the Technical Report provides a reference model for a Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI). It covers framework standards and identifies the relevant standards, technical specifications, technical reports and guidelines.
This part of the Technical Report provides a context model for the other parts of this Technical Report applying general architecture standards.
The intended readership of this Technical Report are those people who are responsible for creating frameworks for SDIs, experts contributing to INSPIRE, experts in information and communication technologies and e-government that need to familiarise themselves with geographic information and SDI concepts, and standards developers and writers.

This part of the Technical Report provides best practices regarding Spatial Data Infrastructures (SDIs), referencing to the outcomes of the projects in the frame of the European Union funding programmes. It summarises the deliverables of projects, structured according to the reference model defined in Part 1 of this Technical Report, to be made available in an on-line repository where the relevant outcomes are collected and classified in order to provide a structured sets of recommendations for implementing SDIs at the European, national and sub-national levels.
This collection refers mainly to the projects funded by the European Union funding programmes: this choice is driven by the wide vision and analysis which such kind of projects can provide and the wide numbers of stakeholders which have been involved.
The outcomes delivered by these relevant practices are collected into a document registry available through the CEN/TC 287 web site. This part of the Technical Report defines the processes and the content of these projects and documents registries, which will help making them more accessible and re-usable. It provides the relevant project deliverables addressing the main SDI issues as described in the other parts of this Technical Report.
The intended readership of this Technical Report are those people who are responsible for creating frameworks for SDI, experts contributing to INSPIRE, experts in information and communication technologies and e-government that need to familiarise themselves with geographic information and SDI concepts, and standards developers and writers.

ISO 19144-1:2009 establishes the structure of a geographic information classification system, together with the mechanism for defining and registering the classifiers for such a system. It specifies the use of discrete coverages to represent the result of applying the classification system to a particular area and defines the technical structure of a register of classifiers in accordance with ISO 19135.

ISO 19118:2011 specifies the requirements for defining encoding rules for use for the interchange of data that conform to the geographic information in the set of International Standards known as the "ISO 19100 series".
ISO 19118:2011 specifies requirements for creating encoding rules based on UML schemas, requirements for creating encoding services, and requirements for XML-based encoding rules for neutral interchange of data.
ISO 19118:2011 does not specify any digital media, does not define any transfer services or transfer protocols, nor does it specify how to encode inline large images.

ISO 19142:2010 specifies the behaviour of a web feature service that provides transactions on and access to geographic features in a manner independent of the underlying data store. It specifies discovery operations, query operations, locking operations, transaction operations and operations to manage stored parameterized query expressions.

ISO 19141:2008 defines a method to describe the geometry of a feature that moves as a rigid body. Such movement has the following characteristics.
The feature moves within any domain composed of spatial objects as specified in ISO 19107.
The feature may move along a planned route, but it may deviate from the planned route.
Motion may be influenced by physical forces, such as orbital, gravitational, or inertial forces.
Motion of a feature may influence or be influenced by other features, for example:
The moving feature might follow a predefined route (e.g. road), perhaps part of a network, and might change routes at known points (e.g. bus stops, waypoints).
Two or more moving features may be “pulled” together or pushed apart (e.g. an airplane will be refuelled during flight, a predator detects and tracks a prey, refugee groups join forces).
Two or more moving features may be constrained to maintain a given spatial relationship for some period (e.g. tractor and trailer, convoy).
ISO 19141:2008 does not address other types of change to the feature. Examples of changes that are not adressed include the following:
The deformation of features.
The succession of either features or their associations.
The change of non-spatial attributes of features.
The feature's geometric representation cannot be embedded in a geometric complex that contains the geometric representations of other features, since this would require the other features' representations to be updated as the feature moves.
Because ISO 19141:2008 is concerned with the geometric description of feature movement, it does not specify a mechanism for describing feature motion in terms of geographic identifiers. This is done, in part, in ISO 19133.