Solid biofuels - Safe handling and storage of solid biofuel pellets in commercial and industrial applications (ISO 20024:2020)

This International Standard provides principles and requirements for safe handling and storage of solid biofuels pellets in commercial and industrial applications.
The standard covers the entire handling and storage process of pellets, (i) at a pellets production plant, from the outlet of the cooler unit until loaded for transportation and (ii) at a power plant from the receiving station until fed into a pulverizer or furnace.
The process of production of pellets and safety issues related to production are not covered by this standard, nor is the pulverizing or combustion process. Although unloading and loading of e.g. vessels, trains or trucks are included, the safety issues during the transport itself are not.

Biogene Festbrennstoffe - Sicherer Umgang und Lagerung von Pellets aus biogenen Festbrennstoffen in kommerziellen und industriellen Anwendungen (ISO 20024:2020)

Dieses Dokument enthält die Grundsätze für und Anforderungen an den sicheren Umgang mit und die sichere Lagerung von Pellets aus biogenen Festbrennstoffen in gewerblichen und industriellen Anwendungen. In diesem Dokument wird ein risikobasierter Ansatz angewendet um zu bestimmen, welche Sicherheitsmaßnahmen in Betracht gezogen werden sollten.
Anlagen mit einer Lagerkapazität von < 100 t fallen in den Anwendungsbereich von ISO 20023. Im Allgemeinen könnte ISO 20023 auch für Anlagen beim Endverbraucher mit einer Lagerkapazität von < 1 000 t anzuwenden sein, wenn das Lagerprinzip und die Komplexität der Anlage mit den Zielen von ISO 20023 übereinstimmen.
Dieses Dokument umfasst den Prozess der Förderung und Lagerung von Pellets in den folgenden Anwendungen:
- in einer Anlage zur Pelletherstellung vom Abgang unter der Kühlereinheit bis zum Beladen für den Transport;
- bei einem gewerblichen Anlagenbetreiber (Vertreiber) von der Annahmestelle bis zum Beladen für den Transport und
- bei einem industriellen Endverbraucher von der Annahmestelle bis zum Einbringen in den Prozess der Brennstoffvorbereitung oder Verbrennung.
Auch wenn das Ent  und Beladen von z. B. Behältern/Schiffen (en: vessels), Zügen oder Lastkraftwagen in den vorstehend definierten Betriebsbereichen enthalten ist, fällt der Sicherheitsaspekt des Transports selbst nicht in den Anwendungsbereich dieses Dokuments.
Das vorliegende Dokument enthält außerdem eine spezifische Anleitung zu Erkennungs  und Unterdrückungssystemen sowie vorbereitenden Maßnahmen, um sichere und wirksame Brandbekämpfungsmaßnahmen zu ermöglichen. Eine Anleitung zum Management von Brand  und Explosionsvorfällen ist ebenfalls festgelegt.

Biocombustibles solides - Manipulation et stockage en toute sécurité des granulés de biocombustibles solides dans des applications commerciales et industrielles (ISO 20024:2020)

Le présent document fournit les principes et exigences pour la manutention et le stockage en toute sécurité des granulés de biocombustibles solides dans des applications commerciales et industrielles. Le présent document utilise une approche basée sur les risques pour déterminer quelles mesures de sécurité il convient de prendre en compte.
Les installations ayant une capacité de stockage <100 t sont couvertes par l'ISO 20023. De manière générale, pour les installations chez les utilisateurs finaux ayant une capacité de stockage <1 000 t, l'ISO 20023 peut également être applicable si les principes de stockage et la complexité de l'installation sont conformes aux objectifs de l'ISO 20023.
Le présent document couvre le processus de manutention et de stockage des granulés dans les applications suivantes:
—          dans une usine de production de granulés, à partir de la sortie du refroidisseur jusqu'à leur chargement pour le transport;
—          chez un distributeur commercial, du poste de réception jusqu'au chargement pour le transport; et
—          chez un utilisateur final industriel, du poste de réception jusqu'à l'ajout dans le processus de préparation du combustible ou de combustion.
Bien que le déchargement et le chargement des navires, des trains ou des camions (par exemple) soient inclus dans les cadres opérationnels définis ci-dessus, les aspects liés à la sécurité du transport en lui-même ne relèvent pas du domaine d'application du présent document.
Le présent document fournit également des recommandations spécifiques au sujet des systèmes de détection et d'extinction et des mesures préparatoires afin de permettre des opérations de lutte contre l'incendie sûres et efficaces. Des recommandations relatives à la gestion des incendies et des explosions sont également spécifiées.

Trdna biogoriva - Varno skladiščenje in ravnanje s peleti trdnega biogoriva za komercialno in industrijsko uporabo (ISO 20024:2020)

General Information

Status
Published
Public Enquiry End Date
31-Mar-2019
Publication Date
16-Apr-2020
Technical Committee
Current Stage
6060 - National Implementation/Publication (Adopted Project)
Start Date
27-Mar-2020
Due Date
01-Jun-2020
Completion Date
17-Apr-2020

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SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN ISO 20024:2020
01-maj-2020
Trdna biogoriva - Varno skladiščenje in ravnanje s peleti trdnega biogoriva za
komercialno in industrijsko uporabo (ISO 20024:2020)
Solid biofuels - Safe handling and storage of solid biofuel pellets in commercial and
industrial applications (ISO 20024:2020)
Biogene Festbrennstoffe - Sicherer Umgang und Lagerung von Pellets aus biogenen
Festbrennstoffen in kommerziellen und industriellen Anwendungen (ISO 20024:2020)
Biocombustibles solides - Manipulation et stockage en toute sécurité des granulés de
biocombustibles solides dans des applications commerciales et industrielles (ISO
20024:2020)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 20024:2020
ICS:
75.160.40 Biogoriva Biofuels
75.200 Oprema za skladiščenje Petroleum products and
nafte, naftnih proizvodov in natural gas handling
zemeljskega plina equipment
SIST EN ISO 20024:2020 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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SIST EN ISO 20024:2020

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SIST EN ISO 20024:2020


EN ISO 20024
EUROPEAN STANDARD

NORME EUROPÉENNE

March 2020
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 27.190; 75.160.40
English Version

Solid biofuels - Safe handling and storage of solid biofuel
pellets in commercial and industrial applications (ISO
20024:2020)
Biocombustibles solides - Manipulation et stockage en Biogene Festbrennstoffe - Sicherer Umgang und
toute sécurité des granulés de biocombustibles solides Lagerung von Pellets aus biogenen Festbrennstoffen in
dans des applications commerciales et industrielles kommerziellen und industriellen Anwendungen (ISO
(ISO 20024:2020) 20024:2020)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 9 February 2020.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
United Kingdom.





EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2020 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 20024:2020 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

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SIST EN ISO 20024:2020
EN ISO 20024:2020 (E)
Contents Page
European foreword . 3

2

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SIST EN ISO 20024:2020
EN ISO 20024:2020 (E)
European foreword
This document (EN ISO 20024:2020) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 238 "Solid
biofuels" in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 335 “Solid biofuels” the secretariat of
which is held by SIS.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by September 2020, and conflicting national standards
shall be withdrawn at the latest by September 2020.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of
North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the
United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 20024:2020 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 20024:2020 without any modification.


3

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SIST EN ISO 20024:2020

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SIST EN ISO 20024:2020
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 20024
First edition
2020-02
Solid biofuels — Safe handling
and storage of solid biofuel pellets
in commercial and industrial
applications
Biocombustibles solides — Manutention et stockage en toute sécurité
des granulés de biocombustibles solides dans des applications
commerciales et industrielles
Reference number
ISO 20024:2020(E)
©
ISO 2020

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SIST EN ISO 20024:2020
ISO 20024:2020(E)

COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2020
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Fax: +41 22 749 09 47
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
SIST EN ISO 20024:2020
ISO 20024:2020(E)

Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction .vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
3.1 General terms . 1
3.2 Risk management . 3
3.3 Storage, handling and operation . 6
3.4 Extinguishing media, extinguishing systems and detection . 9
4 Guidance on how to use this document . 9
5 Risk management .10
5.1 General .10
5.2 Introduction to the risk management process .12
5.2.1 General.12
5.2.2 Definition of scope . .12
5.2.3 Hazard identification.12
5.2.4 Risk estimation .12
5.2.5 Risk evaluation .13
5.2.6 Risk reduction/control .13
6 Requirements for design and construction .14
6.1 General .14
6.2 Specific risk considerations for handling of solid biofuel pellets .15
6.3 Risk areas .17
6.4 General requirements and recommendations for safe handling .17
7 Requirements for safe operation and maintenance .18
7.1 General .18
7.2 General requirement for operation, maintenance and manuals .18
7.3 Documentation of operation procedures .19
7.4 Safety during operation .20
7.4.1 Operation .20
7.4.2 Housekeeping .20
7.4.3 Maintenance .21
7.4.4 Guidelines for visitors/contractors .22
7.5 Pre-planning of emergency operations .23
7.6 Personnel risks.24
8 Conveyor system and transfer points .24
8.1 General .24
8.2 Detection .24
8.3 Preparatory measures .25
8.3.1 Fire protection .25
8.3.2 Explosion protection .26
8.4 Additional information, recommendation and requirements on design and
protection of conveyor systems .27
8.4.1 General.27
8.4.2 Detection systems .27
8.4.3 Fire protection .27
8.4.4 Explosion protection .28
9 Silos .28
9.1 General .28
9.2 Detection and temperature and gas monitoring .29
9.3 Preparatory measures .29
© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved iii

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SIST EN ISO 20024:2020
ISO 20024:2020(E)

9.3.1 Fire protection .29
9.3.2 Explosion protection .30
9.4 Additional information, recommendation and requirements on design and
protection of silos .31
9.4.1 General.31
9.4.2 Detection systems .31
9.4.3 Fire protection systems.31
9.4.4 Explosion protection .35
10 Large scale bunkers .35
10.1 General .35
10.2 Detection and temperature and gas monitoring in bunkers .36
10.3 Preparatory measures .37
10.3.1 Fire protection .37
10.3.2 Explosion protection .37
10.4 Additional information, recommendation and requirements on design and
protection of bunkers .38
10.4.1 General.38
10.4.2 Detection systems .38
10.4.3 Fire protection systems.38
10.4.4 Explosion protection .40
11 Warehouse .41
11.1 General .41
11.2 Detection .41
11.3 Preparatory measures .42
11.3.1 Fire protection .42
11.3.2 Explosion protection .42
11.4 Additional information, recommendation and requirements on design and
protection of warehouse .43
11.4.1 Detection systems .43
11.4.2 Fire protection .43
11.4.3 Explosion protection .44
Annex A (informative) Description of solid biofuel pellets supply chain and general safety
guidelines for unit operations .45
Annex B (informative) Self-heating and off-gassing .60
Annex C (informative) Dust as a fire and explosion hazard and mitigation of risks.66
Annex D (informative) Safety aspects and guidance on handling various emergency situations .82
Annex E (informative) Ventilation for cooling of bulk material .97
Annex F (informative) Principle design of inert gas distribution system and inlet openings .98
Annex G (informative) Examples of arrangement of various sensors and detection systems
relevant to the biofuel pellet industry .101
Annex H (informative) Example for the risk assessment in a commercial medium size wood
pellet store .107
Bibliography .120
iv © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved

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SIST EN ISO 20024:2020
ISO 20024:2020(E)

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www .iso .org/
iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 238, Solid biofuels.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
© ISO 2020 – All rights reserved v

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SIST EN ISO 20024:2020
ISO 20024:2020(E)

Introduction
There is a continuous global growth in production, storage, handling, bulk transport and use of solid
biofuels especially in the form of pelletized biofuels.
The handling and storage of solid biofuels and their physical characteristics can lead to a risk for fire
and/or explosion, but also health risks, for example intoxication due to exposure to carbon monoxide
(CO), asphyxiation due to oxygen depletion, and allergic reactions.
There is a risk of injury or fatality associated with pellet storage so the implementation of safety
measures is important. The possibility of fire and explosion incidents is a clear indicator that safety
is to be prioritized, first of all for human safety but also because interruptions in energy supply will
have significant consequences. The market confidence in solid biofuels as a reliable energy source will
be jeopardized, and financial losses due to business interruptions could occur. Difficulty to obtain
insurance coverage will also increase.
This document provides support, advice and guidance to facility owners, logistics providers, equipment
suppliers/manufacturers, consultants, authorities and insurance providers to assess and mitigate risk
when handling and storing solid biofuel pellets. General guidance is provided for personnel safety
protection and personal precautions in accordance with generally accepted work safety requirements.
As part of the determination and assessment of risks for solid biofuels, applicable quality standards and
related test methods are discussed and recommendations for additional methodologies are indicated.
As made of living materials, solid biofuels are subject to degradation such as ageing and moisture
contamination causing variability in reactivity which requires margins in risks assessments. One
shipment of solid biofuels may have substantially different physical and chemical characteristics in
terms of self-heating and off-gassing than another, and therefore diligent monitoring, frequent testing
and house-keeping are recommended.
vi © ISO 2020 – All rights reserved

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SIST EN ISO 20024:2020
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 20024:2020(E)
Solid biofuels — Safe handling and storage of solid biofuel
pellets in commercial and industrial applications
1 Scope
This document provides principles and requirements for safe handling and storage of solid biofuels
pellets in commercial and industrial applications. This document is using a risk-based approach to
determine what safety measures should be considered.
Facilities with a storage capacity <100 t are covered by ISO 20023. Generally, for end-user facilities
with a storage capacity of <1 000 t, ISO 20023 could also be applicable if storage principle and facility
complexity is in-line with the objectives of ISO 20023.
This document covers the handling and storage process of pellets in the following applications:
— at a pellet production plant from the outlet of the cooler unit until loaded for transportation;
— at a commercial distributor from the receiving station until loaded for transportation; and
— at an industrial end-user from the receiving station until fed into the fuel preparation or combustion
process.
Although unloading and loading of e.g. vessels, trains or trucks are included in the operational envelops
defined above, the safety aspect of the transportation itself is beyond the scope of this document.
This document also gives specific guidance on detection and suppression systems and preparatory
measures to enable safe and efficient firefighting operations. Guidance on the management of fire and
explosion incidents is also specified.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 12100, Safety of machinery — General principles for design — Risk assessment and risk reduction
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in
...

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN ISO 20024-1:2019
01-marec-2019
7UGQDELRJRULYD9DUQRVNODGLãþHQMHLQUDYQDQMHVSHOHWLWUGQHJDELRJRULYD]D
NRPHUFLDOQRLQLQGXVWULMVNRXSRUDER ,62',6
Solid biofuels - Safe handling and storage of solid biofuel pellets in commercial and
industrial applications (ISO/DIS 20024:2019)
Biogene Festbrennstoffe - Sicherheit von Pellets aus biogenen Festbrennstoffen -
Sicherer Umgang und Lagerung in kommerziellen und industriellen Anwendungen - Teil
1: Allgemeines (ISO/DIS 20024:2019)
Biocombustibles solides - Manipulation et stockage en toute sécurité des granulés de
biocombustibles solides dans des applications commerciales et industrielles (ISO/DIS
20024:2019)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN ISO 20024
ICS:
27.190 Biološki viri in drugi Biological sources and
alternativni viri energije alternative sources of energy
75.160.40 Biogoriva Biofuels
oSIST prEN ISO 20024-1:2019 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 20024-1:2019

---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 20024-1:2019
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
ISO/DIS 20024
ISO/TC 238 Secretariat: SIS
Voting begins on: Voting terminates on:
2019-01-02 2019-03-27
Solid biofuels — Safe handling and storage of solid biofuel
pellets in commercial and industrial applications
Biocombustibles solides — Manipulation et stockage en toute sécurité des granulés de biocombustibles
solides dans des applications commerciales et industrielles
ICS: 27.190; 75.160.40
THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED
This document is circulated as received from the committee secretariat.
FOR COMMENT AND APPROVAL. IT IS
THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CHANGE AND MAY
NOT BE REFERRED TO AS AN INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD UNTIL PUBLISHED AS SUCH.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
ISO/CEN PARALLEL PROCESSING
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL,
TECHNOLOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND
USER PURPOSES, DRAFT INTERNATIONAL
STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE TO
BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR
POTENTIAL TO BECOME STANDARDS TO
WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
Reference number
NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
ISO/DIS 20024:2019(E)
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED
TO SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS,
NOTIFICATION OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT
RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE AND TO
©
PROVIDE SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION. ISO 2019

---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 20024-1:2019
Draft ISO/DIS 20024
ISO/DIS 20024:2019(E)

Contents
Foreword .7
Introduction.8
1 Scope.9
2 Normative references.9
3 Terms and definitions .9
3.1 General terms . 9
3.2 Risk management. 10
3.3 Storage, handling and operation. 13
3.4 Extinguishing media, extinguishing systems and detection. 15
4 Introduction to the use of this document.16
4.1 General information. 16
4.2 Applicability of this document. 17
5 Risk management . 18
5.1 General. 18
5.2 Introduction to the risk management process. 19
6 Requirements for design and construction. 23
6.1 General. 23
6.2 Specific risk considerations for handling of solid biofuel pellets. 23
6.3 Risk areas . 25
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT 6.4 General requirements and recommendations for safe handling. 26
© ISO 2019
7 Requirements for safe operation and maintenance. 27
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
7.1 General. 27
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
7.2 General requirement for operation, maintenance and manuals . 27
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
7.3 Documentation of operation procedures. 28
Fax: +41 22 749 09 47
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
7.4 Safety during operation. 29
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
© ISO/CD 20024 – All rights reserved 3

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oSIST prEN ISO 20024-1:2019
ISO/DIS 20024:2019(E)
Draft ISO/DIS 20024
Contents
Foreword . 7
Introduction. 8
1 Scope . 9
2 Normative references . 9
3 Terms and definitions . 9
3.1 General terms . 9
3.2 Risk management . 10
3.3 Storage, handling and operation . 13
3.4 Extinguishing media, extinguishing systems and detection . 15
4 Introduction to the use of this document . 16
4.1 General information . 16
4.2 Applicability of this document . 17
5 Risk management . 18
5.1 General . 18
5.2 Introduction to the risk management process . 19
6 Requirements for design and construction. . 23
6.1 General . 23
6.2 Specific risk considerations for handling of solid biofuel pellets . 23
6.3 Risk areas . 25
6.4 General requirements and recommendations for safe handling. 26
7 Requirements for safe operation and maintenance. 27
7.1 General . 27
7.2 General requirement for operation, maintenance and manuals . 27
7.3 Documentation of operation procedures . 28
7.4 Safety during operation . 29
© ISO/CD 20024 – All rights reserved 3
© ISO 2019 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 20024-1:2019
ISO/DIS 20024:2019(E)
Draft ISO/DIS 20024
7.5 Pre-planning of emergency operations . 32
7.6 Personnel risks . 33
8 Conveyor system and transfer points . 34
8.1 General . 34
8.2 Detection . 34
8.3 Preparatory measures. 35
8.4 Additional information, recommendation and requirements on design and protection of
conveyor systems . 37
9 Silos . 39
9.1 General . 39
9.2 Detection and temperature and gas monitoring . 39
9.3 Preparatory measures. 40
9.4 Additional information, recommendation and requirements on design and protection of silos
42
10 Large scale bunkers . 47
10.1 General . 47
10.2 Detection and temperature and gas monitoring in bunkers . 48
10.3 Preparatory measures. 48
10.4 Additional information, recommendation and requirements on design and protection of
bunkers . 50
11 Warehouse . 53
11.1 General . 53
11.2 Detection . 53
11.3 Preparatory measures . 54
11.4 Additional information, recommendation and requirements on design and protection of
warehouse . 55
Annex A (informative) Description of solid biofuel pellets supply chain and general safety
guidelines for unit operations . 58
A.2.1 Producers . 58
4 © ISO/CD 20024 – All rights reserved
© ISO 2019 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
oSIST prEN ISO 20024-1:2019
ISO/DIS 20024:2019(E)
Draft ISO/DIS 20024
Annex B (informative) Self-heating and off-gassing . 75
Annex C (informative) Dust as a fire and explosion hazard and mitigation of risks . 82
Annex D (informative) Safety aspects and guidance on handling various emergency situations
. 102
Annex E (informative) Ventilation for cooling of bulk material . 119
Annex F (informative) Principle design of inert gas distribution system and inlet openings . 121
Annex G (informative) Examples of arrangement of various sensors and detection systems
relevant to the biofuel pellet industry . 124
Annex H (informative) Example for the risk assessment in a commercial medium size wood pellet
store . 131
Bibliography . 141
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1 Foreword
2 ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
3 bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
4 through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
5 committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
6 organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO
7 collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
8 electrotechnical standardization.
9 The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
10 described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
11 different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
12 editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2. www.iso.org/directives
13 Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
14 patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any
15 patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on
16 the ISO list of patent declarations received. www.iso.org/patents
17 Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
18 constitute an endorsement.
19 For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
20 assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers
21 to Trade (TBT) see the following URL: Foreword - Supplementary information
22 The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 238, Solid biofuels.
23
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24 Introduction
25 There is a continuous global growth in production, storage, handling, bulk transport and use of solid
26 biofuels especially in the form of pelletized biofuels.
27 The handling and storage of solid biofuels and their physical characteristics can lead to a risk for fire
28 and/or explosion, but also health risks for example intoxication due to exposure to carbon monoxide
29 (CO), asphyxiation due to oxygen depletion, and allergic reactions.
30 There is a risk of injury or fatality associated with pellet storage so safety measures must be implemented.
31 The possibility of fire and explosion incidents is a clear indicator that safety needs to be prioritized, first
32 of all for human safety but also because interruptions in energy supply will have significant consequences.
33 The market confidence in solid biofuels as a reliable energy source will be jeopardized, and financial
34 losses due to business interruptions could occur. Difficulty to obtain insurance coverage will also
35 increase.
36 This document provides support, advice and guidance to facility owners, logistics providers, equipment
37 suppliers/manufacturers, consultants, authorities and insurance providers to assess and mitigate risk
38 when handling and storing solid biofuel pellets. General guidance is provided for personnel safety
39 protection and personal precautions in accordance with generally accepted work safety requirements.
40 As part of the determination and the assessment of risks for solid biofuels, defined test methods and
41 standards are established or need to be developed. However, the ageing and degradation due to handling
42 and storage of solid biofuels in actual environments will affect the characteristics. The consequence of
43 this change of characteristics is that safety margins have to be established in relation to the actual analysis
44 results.
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45 Solid biofuels — Safe handling and storage of solid biofuel pellets
46 in commercial and industrial applications
47 1 Scope
48 This document provides principles and requirements for safe handling and storage of solid biofuels
49 pellets in commercial and industrial applications. It uses a risk based approach to determine what safety
50 measures should be considered.
51 This document covers the handling and storage process of pellets in the following applications;
52 — at a pellet production plant from the outlet of the cooler unit until loaded for transportation
53 — at a commercial distributor from the receiving station until loaded for transportation and
54 — at an industrial end-user from the receiving station until fed into the fuel preparation or
55 combustion process.
56 Although unloading and loading of e.g. vessels, trains or trucks are included, the safety issues following
57 the loading and transport itself are not.
58 This document also gives specific guidance on detection and suppression systems and preparatory
59 measures to enable safe and efficient firefighting operations. Guidance on the management of fire and
60 explosion incidents is also specified.
61 2 Normative references
62 The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
63 constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
64 undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
65 ISO 12100, Safety of machinery -- General principles for design -- Risk assessment and risk reduction
66 3 Terms and definitions
67 For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
68 ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
69 • IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
70 • ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
71 3.1 General terms
72 3.1.1
73 combustible dust
74 finely divided solid particles, with a particle size of 500 μm or less in nominal size, which may form explosive
75 mixtures with air at standard atmospheric pressure and temperatures
76 Note 1 to entry: This includes dust and grit as defined in ISO 4225.
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77 Note 2 to entry: The term 'solid particles' is intended to address particles in the solid phase but does not preclude a
78 hollow particle.
79 [SOURCE: ISO/IEC 80079-20-2:2016]
80 3.1.2
81 fines
82 small sized particles in fuel below a certain pre-defined size, here less than 3,15 mm
83 [SOURCE: ISO 16559:2014, 4.90, modified – "usually" replaced by "here" to indicate exact limit]
84 3.1.3
85 ignition source
86 source of energy that initiates combustion
87 [SOURCE: ISO 13943:2008, 4.189]
88 3.1.4
89 product safety data sheet
90 specification sheet defining physical aspects, characteristics and health and safety data for a product
91 3.1.5
92 self-heating
93 exothermic reaction within a material resulting in a rise in temperature in the material
94 [SOURCE: ISO 4880:1997]
95 3.1.6
96 self-ignition
97 ignition resulting from self-heating
98 [SOURCE: ISO 4880:1997]
99 3.1.7
100 smouldering
101 slow combustion of a material without light being visible and generally evidenced by an increase in temperature
102 and/or by smoke
103 [SOURCE: ISO 4880:1997]
104 3.1.8
105 solid biofuel pellets
106 densified biofuel made from woody biomass with or without additives usually with a cylindrical form, random
107 length typically 5 to 40 mm and diameter up to 25 mm and broken ends
108 Note 1 to entry: The raw material for wood pellets is woody biomass in accordance with Table 1 of ISO 17225-1.
109 Pellets are usually manufactured in a die, with total moisture content usually less than 10 % of their mass on wet
110 basis.
111 Note 2 to entry: The woody biomass used as feedstock for pellet making is milled to size in accordance with
112 customer specification. Determination of the particle size distribution of the constituents of pellets should be done
113 according to ISO 17830.
114 Note 3 to entry: Based on the definition of wood pellets in ISO 16559:2014.
115 3.2 Risk management
116 3.2.1
117 accident
118 incident resulting in fatality, disease, injury or other damage
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119 [SOURCE: ISO 21101:2014, 3.25]
120 3.2.2
121 emergency
122 serious situation requiring immediate action
123 [SOURCE: ISO/TR 21102:2013, 2.8]
124 3.2.3
125 fail-safe
126 term applied to equipment or a system so designed that, in the event of failure or malfunction of any part of the
127 system, devices are automatically activated to stabilize or secure the safety of the operation
128 [SOURCE: ISO 13628-7:2005, 3.1.49]
129 3.2.4
130 harm
131 injury or damage to the health of people, or damage to property or the environment
132 [SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 51:2014, 3.1]
133 3.2.5
134 hazard
135 potential source of harm
136 [SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 51:2014, 3.2]
137 3.2.6
138 hazardous event
139 event that can cause harm
140 [SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 51:2014, 3.3]
141 3.2.7
142 hazardous situation
143 circumstance in which people, property or the environment is/are exposed to one or more hazards
144 [SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 51:2014, 3.4]
145 3.2.8
146 incident
147 event or occurrence, which can, but does not necessarily, create a risk of harm, including possible risks due to
148 shearing, crushing, falling, impact, trapping, fire, electric shock, exposure to weather etc.
149 [SOURCE: ISO/TS 25740-1:2011, 3.13]
150 3.2.9
151 inherently safe design
152 measures taken to eliminate hazards and/or to reduce risks by changing the design or operating characteristics of
153 the product or system
154 [SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 51:2014, 3.5]
155 3.2.10
156 intended use
157 use in accordance with information provided with a product or system, or, in the absence of such information, by
158 generally understood patterns of usage
159 [SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 51:2014, 3.6]
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160 3.2.11
161 reasonably foreseeable misuse
162 use of a product or system in a way not intended by the supplier, but which can result from readily predictable
163 human behaviour
164 [SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 51:2014, 3.7, modified – Note 1 to entry and Note 2 to entry has been deleted]
165 3.2.12
166 risk
167 combination of the probability of occurrence of harm and the severity of that harm
168 NOTE 1 to entry: The probability of occurrence includes the exposure to a hazardous situation, the occurrence of a
169 hazardous event and the possibility to avoid or limit the harm.
170 [SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 51:2014, 3.9]
171 3.2.13
172 risk analysis
173 systematic use of available information to identify hazards and to estimat
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