21.100.10 - Plain bearings
ICS 21.100.10 Details
Plain bearings
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Paliers lisses
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This document specifies the test data for outside and inside diameters of wrapped bushes made of mono and multi-layer bearing material for plain bearing applications. It also specifies test designations. Since the wall thickness of the bush is measured in the free condition, no special test data are required for this on the drawing (see ISO 3547‑5 and ISO 3547‑6). NOTE Depending on the manufacturing method, the back of the bushes can show isolated light depressions and, similarly, bushes with lubrication holes, grooves and bore indentations can show distortion. It is therefore suggested to measure the wall thickness away from these areas.
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This document specifies the calculation procedures to calculate and assess a given bearing design, as well as to design a bearing as a function of some optional parameters. This document contains the design of the required lubrication system including the calculation of the restrictor data. This document applies to hydrostatic plain journal bearings under steady-state conditions.
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This document specifies functions for thrust pad bearings. It also covers the effect of dynamic viscosity on lubricant film temperature.
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This document specifies, according to ISO 12301, the checking of the peripheral length of thin-walled half bearings with or without flange, and describes the necessary checking methods and measuring equipment. Thin-walled half bearings are flexible and, in the free condition, do not conform to a cylindrical profile. This is one reason the peripheral length of the half bearings can only be measured under a constraining load by use of specialized measuring equipment. In addition, measuring equipment different from that illustrated in this document can be used, provided the measuring accuracy of the equipment is consistent with the specifications given in Clause 17. This document does not include the measurement of the parting line taper. This document applies to thin-walled half bearings, the specifications of which are given in ISO 3548‑1.
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This document specifies tolerances, design features and test methods for thin-walled half bearings with integral flange up to an outside diameter of Do = 250 mm and without flange up to an outside diameter of Do = 500 mm. Due to the variety of design, it is, however, not possible to standardize the dimensions of the half bearings.
Half bearings according to this document are predominantly used in reciprocating machinery and consist of a steel backing and one or more bearing metal layers on the inside.
In reciprocating machinery, flanged half bearings can be used in connection with half bearings without flange.
Alternatively, to serve as a flanged half bearing, it is possible to use a half bearing without flange together with two separate half thrust washers according to ISO 6526, or a half bearing with assembled flanges.
NOTE All dimensions and tolerances are given in millimetres.
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This document defines, describes and classifies the characteristics of damage occurring in service in hydrodynamically lubricated metallic plain bearings due to cavitation erosion, together with possible countermeasures. It assists in understanding the various characteristic forms of damage which can occur.
Consideration is restricted to damage which has a well-defined appearance and which can be attributed to particular causes with a high degree of certainty. Various appearances are illustrated with photographs and diagrams.
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This document specifies a method for the determination of the endurance limit in fatigue of halfbearings of a multilayer bearing material.
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This document specifies a system of fits applicable to metallic plain bearings used in general engineering for mean relative bearing clearances, ψm, of 0,56 ? up to 3,15 ?. Other clearance ranges can be used depending upon the requirements in specific applications.
This system of fits is not applicable to half‑bearings and bushes which, due to their special characteristics, are not measured by diameter but by wall thickness, and which are dimensionally changed on assembly. It is not applicable to profile bore or tilting pad bearings, or to cases where specific tolerances have been established by consideration of the bearing performance at both extremes of clearance.
This document is applicable preferably to rotating machine parts and shafting, but it can be used similarly in other ranges of application.
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This document defines requirements for the testing of lubricated plain journal bearings in test rigs, running under conditions of hydrodynamic or mixed lubrication, during bearing and/or material development. It deals with both static and dynamic loading in solid and multi-layer journal bearings. It is not applicable to the testing of dynamic characteristics of lubricant film in journal bearings applied in calculation of vibration and stability of turbo-rotors.
NOTE It is intended that further details of test procedures be established when carrying out testing based on this document.
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This document specifies the method of surface modification that improves the friction characteristics of plain bearings, by press fitting a solid lubricant onto the bearing metal surface mechanically in combination with processing a lot of micro dimples on the surface.
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This document specifies a calculation procedure for the maximum bearing temperature and effective dynamic viscosity in the lubricant film of oil-lubricated and statically loaded hydrodynamic plain journal bearings with a circular cylindrical shape, angular span Ω of 360° and width ratio B* of 0,5 to 1,5 under fluid lubrication regime. The bearing characteristics are obtained by design charts from four dimensionless numbers which are calculated from bearing dimensions, operating conditions and viscosity characteristics of the lubricant.
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This document specifies tolerances, design features and test methods for thin-walled half bearings with integral flange up to an outside diameter of Do = 250 mm and without flange up to an outside diameter of Do = 500 mm. Due to the variety of design, it is, however, not possible to standardize the dimensions of the half bearings. Half bearings according to this document are predominantly used in reciprocating machinery and consist of a steel backing and one or more bearing metal layers on the inside. In reciprocating machinery, flanged half bearings can be used in connection with half bearings without flange. Alternatively, to serve as a flanged half bearing, it is possible to use a half bearing without flange together with two separate half thrust washers according to ISO 6526, or a half bearing with assembled flanges. NOTE All dimensions and tolerances are given in millimetres.
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This document specifies the characteristics, materials, dimensions, assembly and surface finish for a bearing containing dispersed solid lubricants which is used as a solid lubricant bearing. NOTE In the solid lubricant bearing among self-lubricating bearings there is a solid type, a coated type, an embedded type and a dispersed type, which is specified by this document.
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This document specifies a method for the determination of the endurance limit in fatigue of half-bearings of a multilayer bearing material.
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This document specifies a procedure to measure the adhesion strength of diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings specified in ISO 20523 by detecting acoustic emission signals using ball-on-disk method under the lubricated condition. DLC is normally coated on metal or ceramic. The test results are not applicable when the DLC coated parts operate in an unlubricated environment.
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This document specifies the material compositions and the required properties of fluid film bearings used for vehicular turbochargers.
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This document specifies Đ° method for the determination of the endurance limit in fatigue of bearing materials alone (not attached to steel backing).
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This document specifies a classification and designation system for a selection of the most common unfilled thermoplastic polymers for plain bearings.
The unfilled thermoplastic polymers are classified on the basis of appropriate levels of distinctive properties, additives and information about their application for plain bearings. The designation system does not include all properties; thermoplastic polymers having the same designation cannot therefore be interchanged in all cases.
It also provides an outline of the properties and applications of the most common unfilled thermoplastic polymers as well as listing some of the fundamental parameters that influence the selection of thermoplastic polymers for use for plain bearings.
NOTE     In the further course of the work, it is intended to prepare standards on “thermosetting polymers” and “mixed polymers” for plain bearings.
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This document specifies requirements for cast copper alloys for use in solid and multilayer thick-walled plain bearings. It gives a limited selection of alloys currently available for general purposes.
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This document specifies requirements for wrought copper alloys for use in solid plain bearings, particularly for bushes. This document provides a limited selection of alloys currently available for general purposes.
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This document specifies parameters for the hardness testing of solid materials for plain bearings made from cast and wrought copper and aluminium alloys by machining and forming, of their wrought products and ingots, and of tin-based ingots. This document is a supplement to existing International Standards on hardness testing and, therefore, includes only the extensions and restrictions for observation compared to those publications. Owing to the heterogeneous structural composition of the majority of these bearing metals, a Brinell test is used.
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This document specifies а method for the determination of the endurance limit in fatigue of bearing materials alone (not attached to steel backing).
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This document specifies requirements for wrought copper alloys for use in solid plain bearings, particularly for bushes. This document provides a limited selection of alloys currently available for general purposes.
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This document specifies requirements for cast copper alloys for use in solid and multilayer thick-walled plain bearings. It gives a limited selection of alloys currently available for general purposes.
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This document specifies a classification and designation system for a selection of the most common unfilled thermoplastic polymers for plain bearings. The unfilled thermoplastic polymers are classified on the basis of appropriate levels of distinctive properties, additives and information about their application for plain bearings. The designation system does not include all properties; thermoplastic polymers having the same designation cannot therefore be interchanged in all cases. It also provides an outline of the properties and applications of the most common unfilled thermoplastic polymers as well as listing some of the fundamental parameters that influence the selection of thermoplastic polymers for use for plain bearings. NOTE In the further course of the work, it is intended to prepare standards on “thermosetting polymers” and “mixed polymers” for plain bearings.
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This document specifies a bearing with embedded solid lubricants, which has been widely used as a solid lubricant bearing.
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This document specifies in accordance with ISO 12301 the checking of the wall-thickness of thin-walled half bearings with or without flange and describes the necessary checking methods and measuring equipment.
It applies to a maximum bearing diameter of 150 mm. It can be applied to a bigger diameter, provided that there is an agreement between the supplier and the user.
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This document specifies, following ISO 12301, the checking of the outside diameter of wrapped bushes (ISO 3547‑2:2017, methods A, B and D) and describes the necessary checking methods and measuring equipment.
NOTE The dimensions and tolerances of wrapped bushes are given in ISO 3547‑1. Checking the wall thickness is the subject of ISO 3547‑7.
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This document specifies dimensions for lubrication holes, grooves and pockets for bearing bushes. These dimensions can be entered, for example on drawings, using the designation examples. Their use depends in particular on the specific operating conditions.
In addition, it enables the user to assign the different types of lubricant feed and distribution to solid and steel-backed plain bearing bushes made of copper alloys, aluminium alloys, thermosetting plastics, thermoplastics or artificial carbon.
NOTE Different types of lubricant feed and distribution for plain bearing bushes made of sintered metals have not been specified due to the fact that these bushes are soaked with lubricant. Plain bearing bushes made of artificial carbon are not lubricated with oil or grease.
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This document specifies a calculation procedure for oil-lubricated hydrodynamic plain bearings, with complete separation of the shaft and bearing sliding surfaces by a film of lubricant, used for designing plain bearings that are reliable in operation.
It deals with circular cylindrical bearings having angular spans, Ω, of 360°, 180°, 150°, 120°, and 90°, the arc segment being loaded centrally. Their clearance geometry is constant except for negligible deformations resulting from lubricant film pressure and temperature.
The calculation procedure serves to provide dimensions and optimize plain bearings in turbines, generators, electric motors, gear units, rolling mills, pumps, and other machines. It is limited to steady-state operation, i.e. under continuously driven operating conditions, with the magnitude and direction of loading as well as the angular speeds of all rotating parts constant. It can also be applied if a full plain bearing is subjected to a constant force rotating at any speed. Dynamic loadings (i.e. those whose magnitude and direction vary with time), such as those that can result from vibration effects and instabilities of rapid-running rotors, are not taken into account.
NOTE Equivalent calculation procedures exist that enable operating conditions to be estimated and checked against acceptable conditions. The use of them is equally admissible.
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This document describes, following ISO 12301, the checking methods and measuring equipment used for measuring the total wall thickness of thin-walled bushes in the finished state.
NOTE All dimensions in this document are given in millimetres.
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This document specifies requirements for some commonly used pad lining materials utilized on tilting pad bearings. The requirements in this document are expressed by specifying the chemical composition of the lining materials. Other lining materials can be used if they have been proven to be equally suitable at the required operating conditions. Descriptive characteristics of the lining materials are given along with the appropriate selection of pad backing and pivot materials.
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This document specifies a method of improving test result comparability by evaluating the stresses in the bearing layers leading to fatigue (see Annex A). A similar evaluation is required in practical applications. Because the stresses are the result of pressure build-up in the hydrodynamic film, it is essential to fully state the conditions of operation and lubrication. In addition to dynamic loading, dimensional and running characteristics, the inclusion of the following adequately defines the fatigue system: a) under conditions of dynamic loading the minimum bearing oil film thickness as a function of time and location to ensure no excessive local overheating or shearing as a result of mixed lubrication when running in; b) the distribution of pressure circumferentially and axially with time under dynamic loading; c) from this the resulting stresses in the bearing layers as a function of time and location, especially the maximum alternating stress. Furthermore, bearing fatigue can be affected by mixed lubrication, wear, dirt, tribochemical reactions and other effects encountered in use thus complicating the fatigue problem. This document is therefore restricted to fatigue under full hydrodynamic separation of the bearing surfaces by a lubricant film. This document applies to oil-lubricated plain cylindrical bearings, in test rigs and application running in conditions of full hydrodynamic lubrication. It comprises dynamic loading in bi-metal and multilayer bearings. NOTE The number of practical applications with different requirements has led to the development of many bearing test rigs. If the conditions of lubrication employed on these test rigs are not defined in detail, test results from different rigs are generally neither comparable nor applicable in practice. Different test rigs can yield inconsistent ranking among equal materials.
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This document specifies the required characteristics, inspections and tests, quality assurance, conditions for qualification, acceptance and delivery of rod-ends with self-aligning bearings metal to metal designed to withstand slight swivelling under load. They are intended for use in fixed or moving parts of the aircraft structure and their control mechanisms.
This document applies to all rod-ends with self-aligning bearings metal to metal. It may be applied when referred to in a product standard or in a design specification.
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This document specifies a calculation method for oil-lubricated hydrodynamic plain bearings with complete separation of the thrust collar and tilting pad thrust bearing surfaces by a film of lubricant. This document applies to plain thrust bearings with tilting-type sliding blocks (tilting pads), where a wedge-shaped lubrication clearance gap is automatically formed during operation. The ratio of width to length of one pad can be varied in the range B/L = 0,5 to 2. This document is not applicable to heavily loaded tilting pad thrust bearings. NOTE Equivalent calculation procedures exist that enable operating conditions to be estimated and checked against acceptable conditions. The use of them is equally admissible.
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This document specifies the dimensions and tolerances for inserted thermoplastic bushes used as plain bearings with or without lubrication grooves in accordance with ISO 12128. These thermoplastic bushes are dimensionally exchangeable to wrapped bushes according to ISO 3547-1. This document is not applicable to reinforced plastics.
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This document specifies, in graphic form, characteristic values used in the calculation of oil-lubricated plain journal bearings with drainage grooves.
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This document specifies the requirements for an engine bearing test rig that uses an actual connecting rod to determine plain bearing performance in automotive engines, evaluating fundamental bearing properties such as seizure resistance, wear resistance, fatigue resistance and resistance to the impact of foreign material.
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This document specifies the dimensions and tolerances applicable to sintered bearings for the following ranges of inside diameters:
— cylindrical bearings: 1 mm to 60 mm;
— flanged bearings: 1 mm to 60 mm;
— spherical bearings: 1 mm to 20 mm.
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This document specifies design characteristics for centre flange bearings for the size range 9 to 28, as well as design characteristics for shafts.
It is applicable to centre flange bearings used mainly in electrical and turbo engineering industries.
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The document specifies, following ISO 12301, the checking of the inside diameter of wrapped bushes (see ISO 3547‑2:2017, method C) and describes the necessary checking methods and measuring equipment.
NOTE 1 All dimensions in this document are given in millimetres except where otherwise noted/designated.
NOTE 2 The dimensions and tolerances of wrapped bushes are given in ISO 3547‑1.
NOTE 3 Checking of the wall thickness is the subject of ISO 3547‑7.
NOTE 4 Checking of the outside diameter of wrapped bushes is the subject of ISO 3547‑5.
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This document specifies a method for the determination of the endurance limit in fatigue of plain strips of multilayer bearing materials. Additionally, it provides the opportunity of studying the influence on the strips of hydraulic pressure and variable temperature.
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This document specifies tolerances on form and position as well as the surface roughness of shafts, flanges and thrust collars as used in plain bearing units. It is applicable to journal or thrust plain bearing units or to a combination of both, installed either horizontally or vertically.
This document is not applicable to crankshaft bearing units in combustion engines.
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This document specifies in accordance with ISO 12301 the checking of the wall-thickness of thin-walled half bearings with or without flange and describes the necessary checking methods and measuring equipment. It applies to a maximum bearing diameter of 150 mm. It can be applied to a bigger diameter, provided that there is an agreement between the supplier and the user.
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This document specifies an ultrasonic testing method for determining bond defects between the bearing metal and the backing. The test can be performed on metallic multilayer plain bearings consisting of steel- or copper-based material backings lined with bearing metal based on lead and tin, with layer thicknesses greater than or equal to 0,5 mm. For cast iron backings, this document is applicable with restrictions.
The ultrasonic signal reflected by the bond interface between the bearing metal and the backing is used to determine bonding defects.
Ultrasonic testing is not possible on edge zones of sliding surface, flange sides, joint areas, oil holes, grooves, etc. in a range of less than half the diameter of the ultrasonic probe because of undefined reflections. The same applies to bearings with dovetail keying grooves at the bond. Ultrasonic testing of bond does not apply along the edges of the dovetails.
Evaluation of the bond on the visible transition from the backing to the bearing metal (on end faces or joint faces) is only practicable by the penetrant testing method specified in ISO 4386-3.
This document only describes in detail the pulse-echo method. Within the meaning of this document, the ultrasonic method only permits a qualitative evaluation of the bonding and not a quantitative determination of the bond strength. The ultrasonic bond test differs only between bond and bond defect.
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This document defines, describes and classifies the characteristics of damage occurring in service to hydrodynamically lubricated metallic plain bearings and journals. It assists in the understanding of the various characteristic forms of damage which can occur.
Consideration is restricted to damage characteristics which have a well-defined appearance and which can be attributed to particular damage causes with a high degree of certainty. Various appearances are illustrated with photographs and diagrams.
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ISO 3547-2:2017 specifies the test data for outside and inside diameters of wrapped bushes made of mono and multi-layer bearing material for plain bearing applications. It also specifies test designations.
Since the wall thickness of the bush is measured in the free condition, no special test data are required for this on the drawing (see ISO 3547‑5 and ISO 3547‑6).
NOTE Depending on the manufacturing method, the back of the bushes can show isolated light depressions and, similarly, bushes with lubrication holes, grooves and bore indentations can show distortion. It is therefore suggested to measure the wall thickness away from these areas.
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ISO 6279:2017 specifies the composition and properties of preferred cast aluminium alloys for use in solid plain bearings. Other alloys can be specified with agreement between the manufacturer and user.
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This document specifies a tensile test method for determination of the bond strength between the bearing metal and the backing. The test can be applied to multilayer plain bearings with bearing metals based on lead, tin, copper or aluminium. For tested layer thicknesses ≥ 2 mm, a raw lining thickness of a minimum additional 1 mm is necessary.
The backings are from steel, cast steel or copper alloys. The bond strength test does not apply to bearings with cast iron backing.
The test applies to all thrust bearings and to journal bearings with an inner diameter of backing ≥ 90 mm.
The test can be used for comparative investigations into the influence on the bond strength of various processes and types of material. In addition, the test is suitable for production control and for process qualification of bearing production.
For non-destructive ultrasonic testing of the bond between bearing metal and backing for bearing metal layer thicknesses ≥ 2 mm, see ISO 4386-1.
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This document specifies the dimensions and designations of cylindrical and flanged wrapped bushes made of mono and multi-layer bearing material for plain bearing applications.
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